Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Targeting: An Overview -- The Benefits of Targeting -- The Costs of Targeting -- Measuring Targeting Performance -- Classifying Targeting Methods -- 3. The International Evidence on Targeting Outcomes -- Database Construction -- Programs Identified -- Indicators of Targeting Performance -- Descriptive Analysis -- Regression Analysis -- Caveats and Limitations -- Summary -- 4. Implementing Targeting Methods -- Means Testing -- Proxy Means Testing -- Community-Based Targeting -- Geographical Targeting -- Demographic Targeting -- Self-Targeting -- 5. Summary and Discussion -- What Can We Say about the Effectiveness of Targeting? -- What Can We Say about the Implementation of Targeting Methods? -- Final Remarks -- References -- Index -- Tables -- 2.1 Calculating Leakage and Undercoverage Rates -- 3.1 Distribution of Interventions by Region and Country Income Levels -- 3.2 Distribution of Targeting Methods by Region,Country Income Level, and Program Type -- 3.3 Targeting Performance by Antipoverty Intervention for Sample Programs, 1985-2003 -- 3.4 Targeting Performance by Targeting Method -- 3.5 Multivariate Analysis of Targeting Performance -- 3.6 Association between Targeting Performance and Number of Methods Used -- 4.1 Comparing Targeting Methods: Overview -- Figure -- 2.1 Targeting Poverty Alleviation Transfer -- Box -- 5.1 Minimal Desired Reporting for International Comparability.