THE H.264 ADVANCED VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARD -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Glossary -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A change of scene -- 1.2 Driving the change -- 1.3 The role of standards -- 1.4 Why H.264 Advanced Video Coding is important -- 1.5 About this book -- 1.6 Reference -- 2 Video formats and quality -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Natural video scenes -- 2.3 Capture -- 2.3.1 Spatial sampling -- 2.3.2 Temporal sampling -- 2.3.3 Frames and fields -- 2.4 Colour spaces -- 2.4.1 RGB -- 2.4.2 YCrCb -- 2.4.3 YCrCb sampling formats -- 2.5 Video formats -- 2.5.1 Intermediate formats -- 2.5.2 Standard Definition -- 2.5.3 High Definition -- 2.6 Quality -- 2.6.1 Subjective quality measurement -- 2.6.2 Objective quality measurement -- 2.7 Summary -- 2.8 References -- 3 Video coding concepts -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Video CODEC -- 3.3 Prediction model -- 3.3.1 Temporal prediction -- 3.3.2 Spatial model: intra prediction -- 3.4 Image model -- 3.4.1 Predictive image coding -- 3.4.2 Transform coding -- 3.4.3 Quantization -- 3.4.4 Reordering and zero encoding -- 3.5 Entropy coder -- 3.5.1 Predictive coding -- 3.5.2 Variable-length coding -- 3.5.3 Arithmetic coding -- 3.6 The hybrid DPCM/DCT video CODEC model -- 3.7 Summary -- 3.8 References -- 4 What is H.264? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 What is H.264? -- 4.2.1 A video compression format -- 4.2.2 An industry standard -- 4.2.3 A toolkit for video compression -- 4.2.4 Better video compression -- 4.3 How does an H.264 codec work? -- 4.3.1 Encoder processes -- 4.3.2 Decoder processes -- 4.4 The H.264/AVC Standard -- 4.5 H.264 Profiles and Levels -- 4.6 The H.264 Syntax -- 4.7 H.264 in practice -- 4.7.1 Performance -- 4.7.2 Applications -- 4.8 Summary -- 4.9 References -- 5 H.264 syntax -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 A note about syntax examples -- 5.2 H.264 syntax.

5.3 Frames, fields and pictures -- 5.3.1 Decoding order -- 5.3.2 Display order -- 5.3.3 Reference picture lists -- 5.3.4 Frame and field coding -- 5.4 NAL unit -- 5.5 Parameter Sets -- 5.6 Slice layer -- 5.6.1 Slice types -- 5.6.2 Slice header -- 5.6.3 Slice data -- 5.7 Macroblock layer -- 5.7.1 Overview -- 5.7.2 The Intra PCM mode -- 5.7.3 Macroblock prediction -- 5.7.4 Residual data -- 5.7.5 Macroblock syntax examples -- 5.8 Summary -- 5.9 References -- 6 H.264 Prediction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Macroblock prediction -- 6.3 Intra prediction -- 6.3.1 4 × 4 luma prediction modes -- 6.3.2 16 × 16 luma prediction modes -- 6.3.3 Chroma prediction modes -- 6.3.4 8 × 8 luma prediction, High profiles -- 6.3.5 Signalling intra prediction modes -- 6.4 Inter prediction -- 6.4.1 Reference pictures -- 6.4.2 Interpolating reference pictures -- 6.4.3 Macroblock partitions -- 6.4.4 Motion vector prediction -- 6.4.5 Motion compensated prediction -- 6.4.6 Inter prediction examples -- 6.4.7 Prediction structures -- 6.5 Loop filter -- 6.5.1 Boundary strength -- 6.5.2 Filter decision -- 6.5.3 Filter implementation -- 6.5.4 Loop filter example -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.7 References -- 7 H.264 transform and coding -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Transform and quantization -- 7.2.1 The H.264 transforms -- 7.2.2 Transform processes -- 7.2.3 Integer transform and quantization: 4 × 4 blocks -- 7.2.4 Integer transform and quantization: 8 × 8 blocks -- 7.2.5 DC transforms -- 7.2.6 Transform and quantization extensions in the High profiles -- 7.3 Block scan orders -- 7.4 Coding -- 7.4.1 Exp-Golomb Coding -- 7.4.2 Context Adaptive Variable Length Coding, CAVLC -- 7.4.3 Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding, CABAC -- 7.5 Summary -- 7.6 References -- 8 H.264 conformance, transport and licensing -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Conforming to the Standard -- 8.2.1 Profiles -- 8.2.2 Levels.

8.2.3 Hypothetical Reference Decoder -- 8.2.4 Conformance testing -- 8.3 H.264 coding tools for transport support -- 8.3.1 Redundant slices -- 8.3.2 Arbitrary Slice Order (ASO) -- 8.3.3 Slice Groups/Flexible Macroblock Order (FMO) -- 8.3.4 SP and SI slices -- 8.3.5 Data partitioned slices -- 8.4 Transport of H.264 data -- 8.4.1 Encapsulation in RBSPs, NALUs and packets -- 8.4.2 Transport protocols -- 8.4.3 File formats -- 8.4.4 Coding and transport issues -- 8.5 Supplemental Information -- 8.5.1 Supplemental Enhancement Information (SEI) -- 8.5.2 Video Usability Information (VUI) -- 8.6 Licensing H.264/AVC -- 8.6.1 Video coding patents -- 8.6.2 Video coding standards and patents -- 8.6.3 Licensing H.264/AVC patents -- 8.7 Summary -- 8.8 References -- 9 H.264 performance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Experimenting with H.264 -- 9.2.1 The JM Reference Software -- 9.2.2 Other software encoders/decoders -- 9.2.3 H.264 stream analysis -- 9.3 Performance comparisons -- 9.3.1 Performance criteria -- 9.3.2 Performance examples: Foreman sequence, QCIF resolution -- 9.3.3 Performance examples: Foreman and Container sequences -- 9.3.4 Performance examples: Inter prediction structures -- 9.3.5 Performance example: H.264 vs. MPEG-4 Visual -- 9.4 Rate control -- 9.4.1 Rate control in the JM reference encoder -- 9.5 Mode selection -- 9.5.1 Rate Distortion Optimized mode selection -- 9.6 Low complexity coding -- 9.6.1 Approximating the cost function -- 9.6.2 Reducing the set of tested modes -- 9.6.3 Early termination -- 9.7 Summary -- 9.8 References -- 10 Extensions and directions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Scalable Video Coding -- 10.2.1 Simulcast transmission -- 10.2.2 Scalable transmission -- 10.2.3 Applications of Scalable Video Coding -- 10.2.4 Scalable Video Coding in H.264 -- 10.2.5 Temporal scalability -- 10.2.6 Quality scalability: overview.

10.2.7 Spatial scalability: overview -- 10.2.8 Spatial scalability in detail -- 10.2.9 Quality scalability in detail -- 10.2.10 Combined scalability -- 10.2.11 SVC performance -- 10.3 Multiview Video Coding -- 10.3.1 H.264 Multiview Video Coding -- 10.4 Configurable Video Coding -- 10.4.1 MPEG Reconfigurable Video Coding -- 10.4.2 Fully Configurable Video Coding -- 10.5 Beyond H.264/AVC -- 10.6 Summary -- 10.7 References -- Index.