Novel Antimicrobial Agents and Strategies -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 The Problem of Microbial Drug Resistance -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of the Origins, Development, and Use of Conventional Antibiotics -- 1.3 Problems of Antibiotic Resistance -- 1.4 Multiple Drug-Resistant (MDR), Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR), and Pan-Drug-Resistant (PDR) Organisms -- 1.5 MDR Mechanisms of Major Pathogens -- 1.6 Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs -- 1.7 Discussion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 Conventional Antibiotics -- Revitalized by New Agents -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conventional Antibiotics -- 2.3 The Principles of Combination Antibiotic Therapy -- 2.4 Antibiotic Resistance Breakers: Revitalize Conventional Antibiotics -- 2.4.1 β-Lactamase Inhibitors -- 2.4.2 Aminoglycoside-Modifying Enzyme Inhibitors -- 2.4.3 Antibiotic Efflux Pumps Inhibitors -- 2.4.4 Synergy Associated with Bacterial Membrane Permeators -- 2.5 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Developing Novel Bacterial Targets: Carbonic Anhydrases as Antibacterial Drug Targets -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Carbonic Anhydrases -- 3.3 CA Inhibitors -- 3.4 Classes of CAs Present in Bacteria -- 3.5 Pathogenic Bacterial CAs -- 3.6 α-CAs in Pathogenic Bacteria -- 3.7 β-CAs in Pathogenic Bacteria -- 3.8 γ-CAs from Pathogenic Bacteria -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Magainins -- A Model for Development of Eukaryotic Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Magainins and Their Antimicrobial Action -- 4.3 Magainins as Antibiotics -- 4.4 Other Antimicrobial Uses of Magainins -- 4.5 Future Prospects for Magainins -- References -- Chapter 5 Antimicrobial Peptides from Prokaryotes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bacteriocins.

5.2.1 Microcins -- Peptide Bacteriocins from Gram-Negative Bacteria -- 5.2.2 Lanthibiotics -- Post-translationally Modified Peptides from Gram-Positive Bacteria -- 5.2.3 Non-modified Peptides from Gram-Positive Bacteria -- 5.3 Applications of Prokaryotic AMPs -- 5.3.1 Food Biopreservation -- 5.3.2 Bacteriocinogenic Probiotics -- 5.3.3 Clinical Application -- 5.3.4 Applications in Dental Care -- 5.4 Development and Discovery of Novel AMP -- References -- Chapter 6 Peptidomimetics as Antimicrobial Agents -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Antimicrobial Peptidomimetics -- 6.2.1 Peptoids -- 6.2.2 β-Peptides -- 6.2.3 Arylamides -- 6.2.4 β-Peptoid--Peptide Hybrid Oligomers -- 6.2.5 Oligourea and γ 4-Peptide-Based Oligomers -- 6.2.6 AApeptides -- 6.2.6.1 α-AApeptides -- 6.2.6.2 γ-AApeptides -- 6.3 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Synthetic Biology and Therapies for Infectious Diseases -- 7.1 Current Challenges in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases -- 7.2 Introduction to Synthetic Biology -- 7.3 Vaccinology -- 7.3.1 Genetic Engineering and Vaccine Development -- 7.3.2 Rational Antigen Design Through Reverse Vaccinology -- 7.4 Bacteriophages: A Re-emerging Solution? -- 7.4.1 A Brief History of Bacteriophages -- 7.4.2 Addressing the Problem of the Restricted Host Range of Phages -- 7.4.3 Phage Genome Engineering for Enhanced Therapeutics -- 7.4.4 Phages as Delivery Agents for Antibacterial Cargos -- 7.5 Isolated Phage Parts as Antimicrobials -- 7.5.1 Engineered Phage Lysins -- 7.5.2 Pyocins: Deadly Phage Tails -- 7.5.3 Untapped Reservoirs of Antibacterial Activity -- 7.6 Predatory Bacteria and Probiotic Bacterial Therapy -- 7.7 Natural Products Discovery and Engineering -- 7.7.1 In Silico and In Vitro Genome Mining for Natural Products -- 7.7.2 Strain Engineering for Natural Products.

7.7.2.1 Production of the Antimalarial Artemisinin -- 7.7.2.2 Daptomycin (Cubicin) -- 7.7.2.3 Echinomycin -- 7.7.2.4 Clavulanic Acid -- 7.7.2.5 Production of the Antiparasitic Avermectin and Its Analogs Doramectin and Ivermectin -- 7.7.2.6 Production of Doxorubicin/Daunorubicin -- 7.7.2.7 Development of Hosts for the Expression of Nonribosomal Peptides and Polyketides -- 7.7.3 Generation of Novel Molecules by Rational Reprogramming -- 7.7.4 Engineering NRPS and PKS Domains -- 7.7.5 Activation of Cryptic Genes/Clusters -- 7.7.6 Mutasynthesis as a Source of Novel Analogs -- 7.8 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Nano-Antimicrobials Based on Metals -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Silver Nano-antimicrobials -- 8.2.1 Synthesis of Silver Nanostructures -- 8.2.1.1 Physical Approaches -- 8.2.1.2 Laser Ablation in Liquids -- 8.2.1.3 Chemical Approaches -- 8.2.1.4 Biological and Biotechnological Approaches -- 8.2.1.5 Electrochemical Approaches -- 8.2.2 Characterization of Silver Nanostructures -- 8.2.3 Applications of Silver Nanostructures -- 8.2.3.1 Silver-Based Nano-antimicrobials -- 8.3 Copper Nano-antimicrobials -- 8.3.1 Preparation and Applications of Antimicrobial Cu Nanostructures -- 8.3.1.1 Physical Methods -- 8.3.1.2 Wet-Chemical Methods -- 8.3.1.3 Electrochemical Syntheses -- 8.3.1.4 Laser Ablation in Liquids -- 8.3.1.5 Biological Syntheses -- 8.4 Zinc Oxide Nano-antimicrobials -- 8.4.1 Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanostructures -- 8.4.1.1 Physical Approaches -- 8.4.1.2 Chemical Approaches -- 8.4.1.3 Electrochemical Approaches -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Natural Products as Antimicrobial Agents -- an Update -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Antimicrobial Natural Products from Plants -- 9.2.1 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Plants.

9.2.2 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Microbial Sources -- 9.2.3 Antimicrobial Alkaloids from Marine Sources -- 9.3 Antimicrobial Natural Products Bearing an Acetylene Function -- 9.4 Antimicrobial Carbohydrates -- 9.5 Antimicrobial Natural Chromenes -- 9.6 Antimicrobial Natural Coumarins -- 9.6.1 Antimicrobial Coumarins from Plants -- 9.6.1.1 Antimicrobial Coumarins from Bacteria -- 9.7 Antimicrobial Flavonoids -- 9.7.1 Antimicrobial Flavonoids from Plants -- 9.8 Antimicrobial Iridoids -- 9.8.1 Antimicrobial Iridoids from Plants -- 9.9 Antimicrobial Lignans -- 9.9.1 Antimicrobial Lignans from Plants -- 9.10 Antimicrobial Phenolics Other Than Flavonoids and Lignans -- 9.10.1 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Plants -- 9.10.2 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Microbial Sources -- 9.10.3 Antimicrobial Phenolics from Marine Source -- 9.11 Antimicrobial Polypeptides -- 9.12 Antimicrobial Polyketides -- 9.12.1 Antimicrobial Polyketides as Macrolides -- 9.12.2 Antimicrobial Polyketides as Quinones and Xanthones -- 9.12.2.1 Antimicrobial Quinones and Xanthones from Plants -- 9.12.2.2 Antimicrobial Quinones from Bacteria -- 9.12.2.3 Antimicrobial Quinones and Xanthones from Fungi -- 9.12.3 Antimicrobial Fatty Acids and Other polyketides -- 9.13 Antimicrobial Steroids -- 9.13.1 Antimicrobial Steroids from Plants -- 9.13.2 Steroids from Fungi -- 9.14 Antimicrobial Terpenoids -- 9.14.1 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Plants -- 9.14.2 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Microbial Sources -- 9.14.3 Antimicrobial Terpenoids from Marine Sources -- 9.15 Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Compounds -- 9.15.1 Miscellaneous Antimicrobial Natural Products from Plants -- 9.15.2 Miscellaneous Antimicrobials from Bacteria -- 9.15.3 Miscellaneous Antimicrobials from Fungi -- 9.16 Platensimycin Family as Antibacterial Natural Products -- References.

Chapter 10 Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Administration and Photoactivation of PS -- 10.3 Applications of PACT Based on MB -- 10.4 The Applications of PACT Based on ALA -- 10.4.1 Food Decontamination Using PACT Based on ALA -- 10.4.2 Dermatology Using PACT Based on ALA -- 10.5 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 11 The Antimicrobial Effects of Ultrasound -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The Antimicrobial Activity of Ultrasound Alone -- 11.3 The Antimicrobial Activity of Assisted Ultrasound -- 11.3.1 Synergistic Effects -- 11.3.2 Sonosensitizers -- 11.4 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 12 Antimicrobial Therapy Based on Antisense Agents -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Antisense Oligonucleotides -- 12.3 First-Generation ASOs -- 12.4 Second-Generation ASOs -- 12.5 Third-Generation ASOs -- 12.6 Antisense Antibacterials -- 12.7 Broad-Spectrum Antisense Antibacterials -- 12.8 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) -- 12.9 RNA Interference (RNAi) -- 12.10 Progress Using siRNA -- 12.10.1 Mycobacterium Tuberculosis -- 12.10.2 MRSA -- 12.11 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 13 New Delivery Systems -- Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery of Antibacterial Drugs -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Pulmonary Drug Delivery -- 13.3 Liposomes as Drug Carriers in Pulmonary Delivery -- 13.3.1 Liposomes for Pulmonary Delivery of Antibacterial Drugs -- 13.3.1.1 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using pMDIs -- 13.3.1.2 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using DPIs -- 13.3.1.3 Delivery of Antibacterial Liposomes Using Nebulizers -- 13.4 Present and Future Trends of Liposome Research in Pulmonary Drug Delivery -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index -- EULA.