Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the companion website -- Chapter 1 Historical perspectives -- Prehistoric and ancient observation -- Early civilization -- The Middle Ages -- The Renaissance -- The Enlightenment -- The modern era -- The 20th century -- Six thousand years later -- References -- Chapter 2 The biology of seizures -- Introduction -- The neuron -- Electricity 101 -- How a neuron "fires" -- The action potential -- The paroxysmal depolarization shift -- Neurotransmitters -- Connections -- The neuronal environment -- The wiring of the brain (neural networks) -- Glia -- Organization of brain connections -- Neocortical connections -- Subcortical connections -- Connections between hemispheres -- Brainstem connections -- Limbic connections -- Nonbrain influences of epileptic seizures -- References -- Chapter 3 Epileptic seizure classification and syndromes -- Introduction -- Terminology -- Seizure -- Epileptic seizure -- Epilepsy -- Epileptic syndrome -- Elements of an epileptic seizure -- Status epilepticus -- Cluster seizures -- Classification -- Historical and current perspectives -- Patient assessment -- The approach to classification -- Phenomenological seizure types -- Focal seizures -- Generalized seizures -- Unknown or unclassified "seizures" -- Epileptic syndromes -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Client communication -- Introduction -- Communication models and styles -- Exam introduction and history -- Seizure diary -- Examination and discussion -- Antiseizure medications -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Diagnosis -- Introduction -- History -- Seizure log -- Aura or prodrome -- The ictus -- The postictal period -- Progression of clinical signs -- Antiseizure medication history -- Physical and neurological exam -- Minimal database -- CBC -- Biochemical profile -- Urinalysis.

Fecal analysis -- Special blood and urine tests -- Therapeutic drug levels -- Radiographs -- Abdominal ultrasound -- Advanced diagnostics (invasive or requiring anesthesia) -- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- Computed tomography (CT scan) -- Cerebral spinal fluid analysis -- Electroencephalography (EEG) -- Research and future diagnostic modalities -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation -- Magnetoencephalography -- Functional neuroimaging -- Functional MRI (fMRI) -- Positron emission tomography (PET) -- Single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) -- Magnetic resonance spectroscopy -- Epilepsy biomarkers -- References -- Chapter 6 Medical management of seizures -- Introduction -- Why treat epileptic seizures -- When to treat -- Dosing -- Pharmacological principles -- Routes of administration -- Absorption -- Protein binding -- Distribution -- Metabolism -- Elimination -- Pharmacokinetics -- Choosing a medication -- Treatment strategies -- Prophylactic or chronic therapy -- Bridge therapy -- Pulse therapy -- Drug monitoring -- Discontinuation of medication -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Antiseizure medications -- Introduction -- Standard common drugs -- Clonazepam (CLN) (kloe-na-zuh-pam) -- Clorazepate (CZP) (klor-az-ah-pate) -- Diazepam (DZP) (dye-ahz-ah-pam) -- Gabapentin (GBP) (gab-ah-pen-tin) -- Levetiracetam (LEV) (lev-et-ear-as-ehh-tam) -- Lorazepam (LOR) (lor-ayz-eh-pam) -- Phenobarbital (PB) (fee-noe-bar-bi-tal) -- Potassium bromide (KBr) (poe-tass-ee-um broe-mide) -- Zonisamide (ZON) (zoe-nis-ahh-mide) -- Newer or uncommon drugs -- Felbamate (FBM) (fel-bah-mate) -- Toxicity, side effects, and interactions -- Ketamine (KET) (kee-tuh-meen) -- Lacosamide (LCM) (lah-coe-suh-mide) -- Midazolam (MDZ) (mid-aye-zoe-lam) -- Pregabalin (PGN) (pre-gab-ah-lin) -- Propofol (PRO) (proe-poh-fole) -- Rufinamide (RUF) (rue-finn-ah-mide).

Topiramate (TPM) (toe-pie-rah-mate) -- Rarely used drugs -- Carbamazepine (kar-bam-aye-zuh-peen) -- Ethosuximide (etho-sucks-ih-mide) -- Phenytoin (fen-ih-toe-in) -- Primidone (prim-ih-done) -- Valproic acid (val-proe-ick) -- Antiseizure medications not used in dogs and cats -- Inappropriate pharmacokinetics -- Adverse effects and toxicity -- Lack of effect -- Lack of perceived benefit -- Lack of empirical data relating to drug disposition, safety, and efficacy -- Antiseizure drugs under development -- Brivaracetam -- Fluorofelbamate -- Ganaxolone -- Imepitoin -- Losigamone -- Perampanel -- Tonabersat -- Retigabine (ezogabine) -- 2-Deoxy-D-glucose -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Emergency management of seizures -- Status epilepticus -- Introduction and definition -- Epidemiology/etiology -- Pathophysiology -- Emergency hospital/clinic management -- Initial assessment and treatment -- Continued supportive care and prevention of seizures -- Intracranial pressure (ICP) -- Nonemergency seizure control (hospital) -- Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) -- Continued monitoring and care -- Emergency home treatment -- Strategies -- References -- Chapter 9 Alternative, integrative, and complementary therapy -- Introduction -- Diet -- The ketogenic diet -- Other dietary considerations -- Complementary, alternative and integrative medicine -- Acupuncture/acupressure -- Herbal- and plant-based remedies -- References -- Chapter 10 Advanced invasive therapy for seizures -- Introduction -- Hypothermia -- Deep brain stimulation -- Vagal nerve stimulation -- Implanted device -- Ocular compression -- Surgery -- Similarities between species -- Justification for surgery -- Presurgical evaluation -- Surgery in dogs and cats -- Diagnostics -- Surgical protocols -- References -- Appendix 1 Glossary of descriptive terminology for veterinary ictal semiology -- General terms.

Descriptive terms of epileptic seizures -- Motor -- Nonmotor -- Autonomic events -- Somatotopic modifiers -- Modifiers and descriptors of seizure timing -- Duration -- Severity -- Prodrome: -- Postictal phenomenon -- Appendix 2 Clinical neurology forms and the neurological examination -- Mental status -- Posture -- Conscious proprioception -- Cranial nerves -- Cranial nerve I: The olfactory nerve -- Cranial nerve II: The optic nerve -- Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI: The oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent nerves -- Cranial nerve V: The trigeminal nerve -- Cranial nerve VII: The facial nerve -- Cranial nerve VIII: The vestibulocochlear nerve -- Cranial nerve IX and X: The glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves -- Cranial nerve XI: The spinal accessory nerve -- Cranial nerve XII: The hypoglossal nerve -- Reflex testing -- The patellar reflex -- The withdrawal reflex -- The cutaneus trunci response -- The perineal reflex -- Pain sensation -- Lesion localization -- Notes -- Appendix 3 Online resources -- Veterinary epilepsy information -- Veterinary Seizure Sentry -- The Canine Epilepsy Network -- Canine Epilepsy -- Complementary and Integrative medicine -- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center -- ConsumerLab® -- HerbMed® -- MedlinePlus -- Herb and Supplement Interaction Checker -- Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database -- Diet -- National Food Institute -- Organizations and associations -- American Veterinary Medical Association -- The American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine -- The European College of Veterinary Neurology -- International League Against Epilepsy -- ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center -- Appendix 4 Antiseizure medication formulary and common formulas -- Antiseizure formulary -- Carbamazepine -- Clonazepam -- Clorazepate -- Diazepam -- Ethosuximide -- Felbamate -- Gabapentin -- Imepitoin (Pexion®) -- Ketamine.

Lacosamide (Vimpat®) -- Levetiracetam (Keppra®) (Keppra XR®) -- Lorazepam (Ativan®) -- Midazolam (Versed®) -- Phenobarbital -- Potassium bromide -- Pregabalin -- Propofol -- Rufinamide (Banzel®) -- Topiramate (Topamax®) (Trokendi XR®) -- Valproic acid (Depakene®) -- Zonisamide (Zonegran®) -- Common formulas -- Formula for calculation of new drug dose -- Calculation of drug half-life (http://www.calculator.net/half-life-calculator.html) -- Potassium bromide loading dosing example -- Index -- EULA.