Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1 Summary -- Levels of Services Vary Across Sectors and Countries -- Critical Investment Requirements -- Recommendations -- Summary -- 2 Institutions and Infrastructure -- What Are "Institutions" and Why Are They Important? -- Effect of Institutions on Infrastructure Services -- Impact of Procurement Practices on Infrastructure -- Improving Institutions and Infrastructure -- 3 Telecommunications Sector -- Overview of Institutional Arrangements -- Summary of Performance -- Investment Requirements -- Economies of Scale -- Regional Approach -- Policy Conclusions -- 4 Electricity Sector -- Overview of Institutional Framework -- Benchmarking -- Industry Structure and Regulatory Arrangements -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- 5 Water Sector -- Institutional Arrangements -- Access to Water -- Efficiency -- Quality of Service -- Major Investment Requirements -- Regional Cooperation -- Conclusions -- Recommendations -- 6 Ports and Maritime Transport -- Economic Importance of Ports and Shipping -- Shipping Patterns in the Caribbean -- Size of Ports -- Institutional Arrangements -- Transhipment -- Benchmarking -- Regional Cooperation -- Economies of Scale -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- 7 Airports and Aviation -- Importance of Airports and Air Services to Economic Growth -- Institutional Arrangements-Airports -- Benchmarking-Airports -- Airport Charges -- Airport Efficiency -- Conclusions-Airports -- Institutional Arrangements-Air Services -- Benchmarking-Air Services -- Conclusions-Air Services -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 8 A Strategy to Sustainably Finance Infrastructure in the Caribbean -- The Debt Context -- New Financing Structures for Infrastructure -- Regional Initiatives -- Sectoral Overview -- Regional Financial Market Development -- Annex -- References -- LIST OF TABLES.

3.1 Institutional Indicators in Caribbean Telecommunications -- 3.2 Investment Scenarios in Caribbean Telecommunications -- 4.1 Industry and Governance Structure -- 4.2 Source of Primary Energy -- 5.1 Institutional Arrangements of the Water and Sanitation Sector -- 5.2 Historic Investment Flows (1990-2002) against Investment Requirements (2004-2015), in 2001 U.S. dollars -- 6.1 Intra-regional Trade in the Caribbean (tons) -- 6.2 Growth 1999-2003 -- 6.3 Caribbean Ports-Institutional Features -- 6.4 Performance Data -- 6.5 Comparison of Port Charges -- 7.1 Selected Countries and Airports -- 7.2 Overview of Institutional Arrangements -- 7.3 Statutory Corporations -- 7.4 Financial Results of Airports -- 7.5 Overview of Policies toward Air Services -- 7.6 Airfares to and from Miami -- 7.7 Airfares to and from London -- LIST OF FIGURES -- 1.1 Total Fixed and Mobile Lines per 100 People -- 1.2 Cellular Subscribers per 100 People -- 1.3 Cost of Cellular Local Call (U.S. dollars per three off-peak minutes) -- 1.4 Cost of Three-minute Phone Call to United States (U.S. dollars) -- 1.5 Access to Electricity (% of Population) -- 1.6 Average End-User Electricity Price (U.S. cents per KWh) -- 1.7 Transmission and Distribution Losses (%) -- 1.8 Electricity Employees per 1000 Connections -- 1.9 Access to Improved Water (percent of Population) -- 1.10 Economy-Class Airfares from Miami (U.S. dollars) -- 1.11 Containers per Crane-Hour -- 1.12 TEUs per Employee -- 1.13 Annual per Capita Investment Requirements in Water until 2015 (U.S. dollars) -- 1.14 The Caribbean: Ranking Among Top 30 Most Indebted Emerging Market Countries (Public Sector Debt-to-GDP Ratio, End-2002) -- 1.15 Aggregate Infrastructure Measure -- 2.1 Quality of Institutions in the Caribbean -- 2.2 Effect of Institutions on Economic Growth in the Caribbean -- 2.3 Comparison of Levels of Education.

2.4 Effects of Institutions on Infrastructure Services -- 2.5 Causality among Institutions, Wealth, Infrastructure, and Education -- 2.6 Infrastructure Cost Comparison between OECS and Argentina -- 3.1 Mainline Teledensity vs. GDP per Capita -- 3.2 Growth in Mainline Teledensity (1990-2002) -- 3.3 Growth in Cellular Teledensity (1990-2002) -- 3.4 Total Teledensity by Component -- 3.5 Total Teledensity vs. GDP per Capita -- 3.6 Cellular Teledensity vs. GDP per Capita -- 3.7 Internet Usage vs. GDP per Capita -- 3.8 Cost of Three-minute Local Call -- 3.9 Cost of Three-minute Off-peak Mobile Call -- 3.10 Cost of Three-minute Call to the United States -- 3.11 Internet Access Monthly Cost -- 3.12 Reported Faults per 100 Mainlines -- 3.13 Investment Requirements until 2015: Mainlines -- 3.14 Investment Requirements until 2015: Cellular Phones -- 3.15 Cost per Local Phone Call: Population -- 3.16 Cost per International Phone Call: Population -- 3.17 Cost of a Mobile Call: Population -- 3.18 Monthly Internet Cost: Population -- 3.19 Cost per Local Phone Call: Population Density -- 4.1 Electric Power Consumption per Capita Compared with GDP per Capita -- 4.2 Access to Electricity -- 4.3 Electricity Tariffs -- 4.4 Benefits of Economies of Scale -- 4.5 Staff Productivity -- 4.6 Impact of Staff Productivity on Price -- 4.7 Transmission and Distribution Losses -- 4.8 Impact of Staff Productivity on Price -- 4.9 Total Investment Requirements to 2015 -- 4.10 Investment Requirements as Percentage of GDP -- 4.11 Possible Reform Structure-Haiti Electricity -- 5.1 Access to Improved Water Supply -- 5.2 Access to Improved Sanitation -- 5.3 Annual per Capita Investment Requirements 2004-2015 to Meet MDG -- 5.4 Total Investment Requirements 2004-2015 to Meet MDG -- 5.5 Affordability of Investment Requirements -- 6.1 Goods, Imports, and Exports as a Percentage of GDP.

6.2 TEU Throughput at Selected Ports (1999-2000) -- 6.3 TEU Throughput per Capita (Country Population in 2000) -- 6.4 Port Structures -- 6.5 Port Structures in the Caribbean -- 6.6 Kingston's Position in Relation to Trade Routes in the Caribbean -- 6.7 Comparison of Port Performance -- 6.8 Comparison of Port Charges -- 6.9 Freight Rates from Miami -- 6.10 Freight Rates from Miami by Distance -- 6.11 Routes from Rotterdam -- 6.12 Freight Rates from Rotterdam -- 6.13 Central American Ports, Throughput and Movements 1999 -- 6.14 Port TEU Throughput and Crane Productivity -- 6.15 Port Charges Compared with Throughput -- 7.1 Runway Lengths (Feet) -- 7.2 Number of Aircraft Stands per 1,000 Departures -- 7.3 Terminal Areas and Passenger Throughput -- 7.4 Average Baggage Arrival Time vs. Total Passenger Throughput -- 7.5 Total Charges for an Airbus 300 (U.S. dollars) -- 7.6 Airport Revenue per Passenger (U.S. dollars) -- 7.7 Airport Revenue per Passenger vs. Total Passenger Throughput -- 7.8 Air Routes from Miami for Which Fares Were Reviewed -- 7.9 Airfares from Miami vs. Distance -- 7.10 Number of Airlines Serving the Airport -- 7.11 An Overview of Aviation Recommendations -- 8.1 The Caribbean: Ranking Among Top 30 Most Indebted Emerging Market Countries (Public Sector Debt-to-GDP Ratio, End-2002) -- 8.2 OBA Concession Contract with Contract Management Provisions and IFI Guarantees -- 8.3 Lease with Investment Trust -- 8.4 Matrix of New and Existing Models -- LIST OF UNNUMBERED TABLES -- Institutional Features of Infrastructure Sectors in the Caribbean -- LIST OF UNNUMBERED BOXES -- "Financial Blackouts" in the Dominican Republic's Power Sector -- Vanuatu: A Small Island with A Success Story of Introducing Private Sector in Water Supply -- Sangster International Airport Privatization Development Project -- ECTEL-Regulatory Cooperation -- Mauritius Port.

Caribbean Examples of the Effect of Quality of Institutions on Infrastructure -- The Views of Caribbean Infrastructure Practitioner on Infrastructure Construction Costs -- Institutional Arrangements to Minimize Corruption-The Hong Kong Airport Case -- Mobile Uptake in Eastern Caribbean States -- Telecommunications Reform in Guyana -- A New Approach to Measuring Universal Access in Trinidad and Tobago -- Universal Access in the Dominican Republic -- ECTEL-Regulatory Cooperation -- Observing Economies of Scale -- "Financial Blackouts" in the Dominican Republic's Power Sector -- How Could Haiti's Power Sector be Improved? -- Why did the Privatization of Guyana Power and Light Fail? -- Electricity Regulation in Jamaica -- Portrait of a Caribbean Water Utility-Jamaica's National Water Commission -- Trinidad and Tobago-Who Failed? -- Vanuatu: A Small Island with A Success Story in Introducing Private Sector in Water Supply -- Sewage and Tourism -- Jawaharlal Nehru Port -- Dubai Port -- Mauritius Port -- Security -- Port Cooperation on Security in New Zealand -- Sangster International Airport Privatization Development Project -- Private Financing for Airports in the Dominican Republic -- Dubai International Airport and Emirates Airline.