Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART ONE: The Challenges -- 1 Increasing Higher Education Attainment in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities -- 2 Graduation Rates at America's Universities: What We Know and What We Need to Know -- PART TWO: The Performance and Potential of Sub-Baccalaureate Programs -- 3 Can Community Colleges Achieve Ambitious Graduation Goals? -- 4 Certificate Pathways to Postsecondary Success and Good Jobs -- 5 Apprenticeships as an Alternative Route to Skills and Credentials -- PART THREE: The Relationship between Policy and Completion -- 6 Financial Aid: A Blunt Instrument for Increasing Degree Attainment -- 7 Remediation: The Challenges of Helping Underprepared Students -- 8 Equalizing Credits and Rewarding Skills: Credit Portability and Bachelor's Degree Attainment -- PART FOUR: The Lessons from Three States -- 9 The Challenge of Scaling Successful Policy Innovations: A Case Study of Three Colorado Community College System Grants -- 10 Efforts to Improve Productivity: The Impact of Higher Education Reform in Texas -- 11 The Ohio Experience with Outcomes-Based Funding -- Conclusion -- List of Contributors -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y.