Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 Historical Background -- THE MAMLUK SULTANATE (1250-1517) -- THE OTTOMAN OCCUPATION -- MAMLUK REVOLTS AND THE CONSOLIDATION OF OTTOMAN RULE IN EGYPT -- AN OUTLINE OF THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF OTTOMAN EGYPT -- 2 The Vicissitudes of the Ruling Class -- EGYPTIAN ATTITUDES TOWARD THE OTTOMANS-GENERAL OBSERVATIONS -- THE PASHA -- THE EGYPTIAN ARMY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY -- The Army in theQanun-name-i Misir -- First Cracks in the Military System -- Eunuchs -- Infiltration of Irregulars into the Army -- The Survival of the Mamluks under the Ottomans -- THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY -- TOWARD THE ASCENDANCY OF THE MAMLUK BEYS IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- The Decline of the Ottoman Vali -- The Decline of the Ojaqs -- MAMLUK SOCIETY IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY -- Loyalties and Factions -- Mamluks in the Possession of Civilians -- Mamluk Households and Families -- Mamluk Emirs as Rulers -- Mamluk Characteristics and Consciousness -- 3 The Bedouin Arabs and the State -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ARABS' ROLE IN EGYPTIAN POLITICAL EVENTS, 1516-24 -- THE OFFICIAL VIEW OF THE ARAB SHAYKHS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY -- The Bedouin Tribes -- The Functions of the Arab Shaykhs -- Arab Shaykhs and Kashifs -- Appointing the Arab Shaykhs -- Arab Shaykhs as Army Commanders -- The Arab Shaykhs' Finances -- Arab Shaykhs as Oppressive Rulers -- Efforts to Replace the Arab Shaykhs by Emirs -- THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY -- THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY-THE ZENITH OF ARABPOWER -- 4 The Ulama -- BETWEEN THE RULERS AND THE RULED -- ULAMA AS JUDGES -- THE MADHHABS -- EDUCATION AND LEARNING OF THE ULAMA -- THE ECOMONIC CONDITIONS OF THE ULAMA -- ETHNIC DIVISIONS -- THE GROWTH OF AL-AZHAR DURING THE OTTOMANPERIOD -- THE STRUCTURE OF AL-AZHAR.

THE OFFICE OF SHAYKH AL-AZHAR -- AL-AZHAR IN PUBLIC LIFE -- Conclusion -- 5 The Sufis -- ORTHODOXY AND SUFISM-GENERAL REMARKS -- THE IMPACT OF THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST ON EGYPTIAN SUFISM -- THE TURUQ (THE SUFI ORDERS) -- THE PRINCIPAL SUFI ORDERS -- SHAYKH AL-BAKRI -- AL-SADAT AL-WAFA'IYYA -- THE SUFI SHAYKH -- THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TARIQA -- SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE TURUQ -- ETHNIC DIVISIONS IN SUFI SOCIETY -- VARIATIONS OF SUFI-ULAMA RELATIONSHIPS -- THE SUFIS AND THE RULERS -- 6 Popular Religion -- A METHODOLOGICAL NOTE -- SAINTS (AWLIYA') AND MALAMATIS -- Visiting Tombs and Shrines -- The Saints' Tombs -- THE MAWLIDS (SAINTS' DAYS) -- Introduction -- The Saints and the Creation of their Mawlids -- The Time and Duration of the Mawlids -- The Participants in the Mawlids -- The Religious Side of the Mawlids -- The Commercial Side of the Mawlids -- The Secular Side of the Mawlids -- Objectionable Sides of the Mawlids -- 7 The Ashraf and Naqib Al-Ashraf: The Prophet's Descendants and their Chief -- THE ASHRAF -- The Terms Ashraf and Sada -- Establishing the Sharaf -- The Origin of the Egyptian Ashraf -- The Social Distinction and Influence of the Egyptian Ashraf -- NAQIB AL-ASHRAF -- The Ottoman Conquest of Egypt and the First Years of Ottoman Rule -- Naqib al-ashrafas an Ottoman Functionary -- The Transfer of the Office to Local Notables -- ‛Umar Makram -- 8 The Dhimmis: Jews and Christians -- THE OTTOMAN CONQUEST AND THE DHIMMIS -- TheDhimmis during the First Period of Ottoman Rule -- THE JEWS AS SARRAFS -- CUSTOMS OFFICIALS AND MERCHANTS -- THE POLICY OF THE PASHAS TOWARD THE JEWS -- JIZYA OR JAWALI-THE POLL TAX -- SARTORIAL LAWS AND OUTWARD APPEARANCE -- BATHHOUSES (HAMMAMS) -- SLAVES IN POSSESSION OF DHIMMIS -- THE JEWISH AND THE CHRISTIAN QUARTERS -- THE JEWISH CEMETERY -- THE JEWISH COMMUNITY OF ALEXANDRIA -- CHRISTIANS AND JEWS.

RELIGIOUS ATTITUDES TOWARD THE DHIMMIS -- 9 Life in Ottoman Cairo -- DEMOGRAPHY AND URBAN GROWTH -- ETHNIC COMMUNITIES IN OTTOMAN CAIRO -- SECURITY, CRIME AND JUSTICE -- Crime and Vice -- Security and Peace-Keeping in Cairo -- Punishment -- Prisons -- PUBLIC HEALTH -- Plagues -- Cleanliness -- Public Baths -- TRANSPORTATION -- CHARITY -- PUBLIC CELEBRATIONS -- RECREATION AND ENTERTAINMENT -- THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION OF THE POPULATION OF CAIRO -- THE GUILDS -- THE ARTISANS AND THE MERCHANTS' RELATIONS WITHTHE ARMY -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Bibliography -- DICTIONARIES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ENCYCLOPAEDIAS -- ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS -- PUBLISHED ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS -- ARABIC, TURKISH AND HEBREW SOURCES: HISTORICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL AND RELIGIOUS LITERATURE -- TRAVEL ACCOUNTS -- SECONDARY SOURCES -- Index -- GENERAL INDEX -- INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES -- INDEX OF PLACE NAMES.