Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems.
Title:
Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems.
Author:
Teodorescu, Remus.
ISBN:
9780470667040
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (418 pages)
Series:
Wiley - IEEE ; v.16
Wiley - IEEE
Contents:
GRID CONVERTERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC AND WIND POWER SYSTEMS -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Wind Power Development -- 1.2 Photovoltaic Power Development -- 1.3 The Grid Converter - The Key Element in Grid Integration of WT and PV Systems -- References -- 2 Photovoltaic Inverter Structures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inverter Structures Derived from H-Bridge Topology -- 2.2.1 Basic Full-Bridge Inverter -- 2.2.2 H5 Inverter (SMA) -- 2.2.3 HERIC Inverter (Sunways) -- 2.2.4 REFU Inverter -- 2.2.5 Full-Bridge Inverter with DC Bypass - FB-DCBP (Ingeteam) -- 2.2.6 Full-Bridge Zero Voltage Rectifier - FB-ZVR -- 2.2.7 Summary of H-Bridge Derived Topologies -- 2.3 Inverter Structures Derived from NPC Topology -- 2.3.1 Neutral Point Clamped (NPC) Half-Bridge Inverter -- 2.3.2 Conergy NPC Inverter -- 2.3.3 Summary of NPC-Derived Inverter Topologies -- 2.4 Typical PV Inverter Structures -- 2.4.1 H-Bridge Based Boosting PV Inverter with High-Frequency Transformer -- 2.5 Three-Phase PV Inverters -- 2.6 Control Structures -- 2.7 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References -- 3 Grid Requirements for PV -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 International Regulations -- 3.2.1 IEEE 1547 Interconnection of Distributed Generation -- 3.2.2 IEC 61727 Characteristics of Utility Interface -- 3.2.3 VDE 0126-1-1 Safety -- 3.2.4 IEC 61000 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC - low frequency) -- 3.2.5 EN 50160 Public Distribution Voltage Quality -- 3.3 Response to Abnormal Grid Conditions -- 3.3.1 Voltage Deviations -- 3.3.2 Frequency Deviations -- 3.3.3 Reconnection after Trip -- 3.4 Power Quality -- 3.4.1 DC Current Injection -- 3.4.2 Current Harmonics -- 3.4.3 Average Power Factor -- 3.5 Anti-islanding Requirements -- 3.5.1 AI Defined by IEEE 1547/UL 1741 -- 3.5.2 AI Defined by IEC 62116 -- 3.5.3 AI Defined by VDE 0126-1-1.
3.6 Summary -- References -- 4 Grid Synchronization in Single-Phase Power Converters -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Grid Synchronization Techniques for Single-Phase Systems -- 4.2.1 Grid Synchronization Using the Fourier Analysis -- 4.2.2 Grid Synchronization Using a Phase-Locked Loop -- 4.3 Phase Detection Based on In-Quadrature Signals -- 4.4 Some PLLs Based on In-Quadrature Signal Generation -- 4.4.1 PLL Based on a T/4 Transport Delay -- 4.4.2 PLL Based on the Hilbert Transform -- 4.4.3 PLL Based on the Inverse Park Transform -- 4.5 Some PLLs Based on Adaptive Filtering -- 4.5.1 The Enhanced PLL -- 4.5.2 Second-Order Adaptive Filter -- 4.5.3 Second-Order Generalized Integrator -- 4.5.4 The SOGI-PLL -- 4.6 The SOGI Frequency-Locked Loop -- 4.6.1 Analysis of the SOGI-FLL -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- 5 Islanding Detection -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Nondetection Zone -- 5.3 Overview of Islanding Detection Methods -- 5.4 Passive Islanding Detection Methods -- 5.4.1 OUF-OUV Detection -- 5.4.2 Phase Jump Detection (PJD) -- 5.4.3 Harmonic Detection (HD) -- 5.4.4 Passive Method Evaluation -- 5.5 Active Islanding Detection Methods -- 5.5.1 Frequency Drift Methods -- 5.5.2 Voltage Drift Methods -- 5.5.3 Grid Impedance Estimation -- 5.5.4 PLL-Based Islanding Detention -- 5.5.5 Comparison of Active Islanding Detection Methods -- 5.6 Summary -- References -- 6 Grid Converter Structures for Wind Turbine Systems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 WTS Power Configurations -- 6.3 Grid Power Converter Topologies -- 6.3.1 Single-Cell (VSC or CSC) -- 6.3.2 Multicell (Interleaved or Cascaded) -- 6.4 WTS Control -- 6.4.1 Generator-Side Control -- 6.4.2 WTS Grid Control -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- 7 Grid Requirements for WT Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Grid Code Evolution -- 7.2.1 Denmark -- 7.2.2 Germany -- 7.2.3 Spain -- 7.2.4 UK -- 7.2.5 Ireland -- 7.2.6 US.
7.2.7 China -- 7.2.8 Summary -- 7.3 Frequency and Voltage Deviation under Normal Operation -- 7.4 Active Power Control in Normal Operation -- 7.4.1 Power Curtailment -- 7.4.2 Frequency Control -- 7.5 Reactive Power Control in Normal Operation -- 7.5.1 Germany -- 7.5.2 Spain -- 7.5.3 Denmark -- 7.5.4 UK -- 7.5.5 Ireland -- 7.5.6 US -- 7.6 Behaviour under Grid Disturbances -- 7.6.1 Germany -- 7.6.2 Spain -- 7.6.3 US-WECC -- 7.7 Discussion of Harmonization of Grid Codes -- 7.8 Future Trends -- 7.8.1 Local Voltage Control -- 7.8.2 Inertia Emulation (IE) -- 7.8.3 Power Oscillation Dumping (POD) -- 7.9 Summary -- References -- 8 Grid Synchronization in Three-Phase Power Converters -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Three-Phase Voltage Vector under Grid Faults -- 8.2.1 Unbalanced Grid Voltages during a Grid Fault -- 8.2.2 Transient Grid Faults, the Voltage Sags (Dips) -- 8.2.3 Propagation of Voltage Sags -- 8.3 The Synchronous Reference Frame PLL under Unbalanced and Distorted Grid Conditions -- 8.4 The Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame PLL (DDSRF-PLL) -- 8.4.1 The Double Synchronous Reference Frame -- 8.4.2 The Decoupling Network -- 8.4.3 Analysis of the DDSRF -- 8.4.4 Structure and Response of the DDSRF-PLL -- 8.5 The Double Second-Order Generalized Integrator FLL (DSOGI-FLL) -- 8.5.1 Structure of the DSOGI -- 8.5.2 Relationship between the DSOGI and the DDSRF -- 8.5.3 The FLL for the DSOGI -- 8.5.4 Response of the DSOGI-FLL -- 8.6 Summary -- References -- 9 Grid Converter Control for WTS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Model of the Converter -- 9.2.1 Mathematical Model of the L-Filter Inverter -- 9.2.2 Mathematical Model of the LCL-Filter Inverter -- 9.3 AC Voltage and DC Voltage Control -- 9.3.1 Management of the DC Link Voltage -- 9.3.2 Cascaded Control of the DC Voltage through the AC Current -- 9.3.3 Tuning Procedure of the PI Controller.
9.3.4 PI-Based Voltage Control Design Example -- 9.4 Voltage Oriented Control and Direct Power Control -- 9.4.1 Synchronous Frame VOC: PQ Open-Loop Control -- 9.4.2 Synchronous Frame VOC: PQ Closed-Loop Control -- 9.4.3 Stationary Frame VOC: PQ Open-Loop Control -- 9.4.4 Stationary Frame VOC: PQ Closed-Loop Control -- 9.4.5 Virtual-Flux-Based Control -- 9.4.6 Direct Power Control -- 9.5 Stand-alone, Micro-grid, Droop Control and Grid Supporting -- 9.5.1 Grid-Connected/Stand-Alone Operation without Load Sharing -- 9.5.2 Micro-Grid Operation with Controlled Storage -- 9.5.3 Droop Control -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 Control of Grid Converters under Grid Faults -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Overview of Control Techniques for Grid-Connected Converters under Unbalanced Grid Voltage Conditions -- 10.3 Control Structures for Unbalanced Current Injection -- 10.3.1 Decoupled Double Synchronous Reference Frame Current Controllers for Unbalanced Current Injection -- 10.3.2 Resonant Controllers for Unbalanced Current Injection -- 10.4 Power Control under Unbalanced Grid Conditions -- 10.4.1 Instantaneous Active-Reactive Control (IARC) -- 10.4.2 Positive- and Negative-Sequence Control (PNSC) -- 10.4.3 Average Active-Reactive Control (AARC) -- 10.4.4 Balanced Positive-Sequence Control (BPSC) -- 10.4.5 Performance of the IARC, PNSC, AARC and BPSC Strategies -- 10.4.6 Flexible Positive- and Negative-Sequence Control (FPNSC) -- 10.5 Flexible Power Control with Current Limitation -- 10.5.1 Locus of the Current Vector under Unbalanced Grid Conditions -- 10.5.2 Instantaneous Value of the Three-Phase Currents -- 10.5.3 Estimation of the Maximum Current in Each Phase -- 10.5.4 Estimation of the Maximum Active and Reactive Power Set-Point -- 10.5.5 Performance of the FPNSC -- 10.6 Summary -- References -- 11 Grid Filter Design -- 11.1 Introduction.
11.2 Filter Topologies -- 11.3 Design Considerations -- 11.4 Practical Examples of LCL Filters and Grid Interactions -- 11.5 Resonance Problem and Damping Solutions -- 11.5.1 Instability of the Undamped Current Control Loop -- 11.5.2 Passive Damping of the Current Control Loop -- 11.5.3 Active Damping of the Current Control Loop -- 11.6 Nonlinear Behaviour of the Filter -- 11.7 Summary -- References -- 12 Grid Current Control -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Current Harmonic Requirements -- 12.3 Linear Current Control with Separated Modulation -- 12.3.1 Use of Averaging -- 12.3.2 PI-Based Control -- 12.3.3 Deadbeat Control -- 12.3.4 Resonant Control -- 12.3.5 Harmonic Compensation -- 12.4 Modulation Techniques -- 12.4.1 Single-Phase -- 12.4.2 Three-Phase -- 12.4.3 Multilevel Modulations -- 12.4.4 Interleaved Modulation -- 12.5 Operating Limits of the Current-Controlled Converter -- 12.6 Practical Example -- 12.7 Summary -- References -- Appendix A Space Vector Transformations of Three-Phase Systems -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Symmetrical Components in the Frequency Domain -- A.3 Symmetrical Components in the Time Domain -- A.4 Components αβ0 on the Stationary Reference Frame -- A.5 Components dq0 on the Synchronous Reference Frame -- References -- Appendix B Instantaneous Power Theories -- B.1 Introduction -- B.2 Origin of Power Definitions at the Time Domain for Single-Phase Systems -- B.3 Origin of Active Currents in Multiphase Systems -- B.4 Instantaneous Calculation of Power Currents in Multiphase Systems -- B.5 The p-q Theory -- B.6 Generalization of the p-q Theory to Arbitrary Multiphase Systems -- B.7 The Modified p-q Theory -- B.8 Generalized Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory for Three-Phase Power Systems -- B.9 Summary -- References -- Appendix C Resonant Controller -- C.1 Introduction -- C.2 Internal Model Principle.
C.3 Equivalence of the PI Controller in the dq Frame and the P+Resonant Controller in the αβ Frame.
Abstract:
Advancements in grid converter technology have been pivotal in the successful integration of renewable energy. The high penetration of renewable energy systems is calling for new more stringent grid requirements. As a consequence, the grid converters should be able to exhibit advanced functions like: dynamic control of active and reactive current injection during faults, and grid services support. This book explains the topologies, modulation and control of grid converters for both photovoltaic and wind power applications. In addition to power electronics, coverage focuses on the specific applications in photovoltaic and wind power systems where grid condition is an essential factor. With a review of the most recent grid requirements for photovoltaic and wind power systems, the relevant issues are discussed: Modern grid inverter topologies for photovoltaic and wind turbines Islanding detection methods for photovoltaic systems Synchronization techniques based on second order generalized integrators (SOGI) Advanced synchronization techniques with robust operation under grid unbalance condition Resonant controller techniques for current control and harmonic compensation Grid filter design and active damping techniques Power control under grid fault conditions, considering both positive and negative sequences Throughout, the authors include practical examples, exercises, and simulation models and an accompanying website sets out further modeling techniques using MATLAB® and Simulink environments and physical security information management (PSIM) software. Grid Converters for Photovoltaic and Wind Power Systems is intended as a course book for graduate students with a background in electrical engineering and for professionals in the evolving renewable energy industry. For professors interested in adopting the course, a set of
slides is available for download from the website. Companion Website www.wiley.com/go/grid_converters.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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