NONLINEAR DISTORTION IN WIRELESS SYSTEMS -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Nonlinearity in Wireless Communication Systems -- 1.1.1 Power Amplifiers -- 1.1.2 Low-Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) -- 1.1.3 Mixers -- 1.2 Nonlinear Distortion in Wireless Systems -- 1.2.1 Adjacent-Channel Interference -- 1.2.2 Modulation Quality and Degradation of System Performance -- 1.2.3 Receiver Desensitization and Cross-Modulation -- 1.3 Modeling and Simulation of Nonlinear Systems -- 1.3.1 Modeling and Simulation in Engineering -- 1.3.2 Modeling and Simulation for Communication System Design -- 1.3.3 Behavioral Modeling of Nonlinear Systems -- 1.3.4 Simulation of Nonlinear Circuits -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- 1.5 Summary -- 2 Wireless Communication Systems, Standards and Signal Models -- 2.1 Wireless System Architecture -- 2.1.1 RF Transmitter Architectures -- 2.1.2 Receiver Architecture -- 2.2 Digital Signal Processing in Wireless Systems -- 2.2.1 Digital Modulation -- 2.2.2 Pulse Shaping -- 2.2.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) -- 2.2.4 Spread Spectrum Modulation -- 2.3 Mobile System Standards -- 2.3.1 Second-Generation Mobile Systems -- 2.3.2 Third-Generation Mobile Systems -- 2.3.3 Fourth-Generation Mobile Systems -- 2.3.4 Summary -- 2.4 Wireless Network Standards -- 2.4.1 First-Generation Wireless LANs -- 2.4.2 Second-Generation Wireless LANs -- 2.4.3 Third-Generation Wireless Networks (WMANs) -- 2.5 Nonlinear Distortion in Different Wireless Standards -- 2.6 Summary -- 3 Modeling of Nonlinear Systems -- 3.1 Analytical Nonlinear Models -- 3.1.1 General Volterra Series Model -- 3.1.2 Wiener Model -- 3.1.3 Single-Frequency Volterra Models -- 3.1.4 The Parallel Cascade Model -- 3.1.5 Wiener-Hammerstein Models.

3.1.6 Multi-Input Single-Output (MISO) Volterra Model -- 3.1.7 The Polyspectral Model -- 3.1.8 Generalized Power Series -- 3.1.9 Memory Polynomials -- 3.1.10 Memoryless Models -- 3.1.11 Power-Series Model -- 3.1.12 The Limiter Family of Models -- 3.2 Empirical Nonlinear Models -- 3.2.1 The Three-Box Model -- 3.2.2 The Abuelma'ati Model -- 3.2.3 Saleh Model -- 3.2.4 Rapp Model -- 3.3 Parameter Extraction of Nonlinear Models from Measured Data -- 3.3.1 Polynomial Models -- 3.3.2 Three-Box Model -- 3.3.3 Volterra Series -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 Nonlinear Transformation of Deterministic Signals -- 4.1 Complex Baseband Analysis and Simulations -- 4.1.1 Complex Envelope of Modulated Signals -- 4.1.2 Baseband Equivalent of Linear System Impulse Response -- 4.2 Complex Baseband Analysis of Memoryless Nonlinear Systems -- 4.2.1 Power-Series Model -- 4.2.2 Limiter Model -- 4.3 Complex Baseband Analysis of Nonlinear Systems with Memory -- 4.3.1 Volterra Series -- 4.3.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models -- 4.3.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model -- 4.4 Complex Envelope Analysis with Multiple Bandpass Signals -- 4.4.1 Volterra Series -- 4.4.2 Single-Frequency Volterra Models -- 4.4.3 Wiener-Hammerstein Model -- 4.4.4 Multi-Input Single-Output Nonlinear Model -- 4.4.5 Memoryless Nonlinearity-Power-Series Model -- 4.5 Examples-Response of Power-Series Model to Multiple Signals -- 4.5.1 Single Tone -- 4.5.2 Two-Tone Signal -- 4.5.3 Single-Bandpass Signal -- 4.5.4 Two-Bandpass Signals -- 4.5.5 Single Tone and a Bandpass Signal -- 4.5.6 Multisines -- 4.5.7 Multisine Analysis Using the Generalized Power-Series Model -- 4.6 Summary -- 5 Nonlinear Transformation of Random Signals -- 5.1 Preliminaries -- 5.2 Linear Systems with Stochastic Inputs -- 5.2.1 White Noise -- 5.2.2 Gaussian Processes -- 5.3 Response of a Nonlinear System to a Random Input Signal -- 5.3.1 Power-Series Model.

5.3.2 Wiener-Hammerstein Models -- 5.4 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Gaussian Inputs -- 5.4.1 Limiter Model -- 5.4.2 Memoryless Power-Series Model -- 5.5 Response of Nonlinear Systems to Multiple Random Signals -- 5.5.1 Power-Series Model -- 5.5.2 Wiener-Hammerstein Model -- 5.6 Response of Nonlinear Systems to a Random Signal and a Sinusoid -- 5.7 Summary -- 6 Nonlinear Distortion -- 6.1 Identification of Nonlinear Distortion in Digital Wireless Systems -- 6.2 Orthogonalization of the Behavioral Model -- 6.2.1 Orthogonalization of the Volterra Series Model -- 6.2.2 Orthogonalization of Wiener Model -- 6.2.3 Orthogonalization of the Power-Series Model -- 6.3 Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Analysis of the Orthogonalized Model -- 6.3.1 Output Autocorrelation Function -- 6.3.2 Power Spectral Density -- 6.4 Relationship Between System Performance and Uncorrelated Distortion -- 6.5 Examples -- 6.5.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise -- 6.5.2 Multisines with Deterministic Phases -- 6.5.3 Multisines with Random Phases -- 6.6 Measurement of Uncorrelated Distortion -- 6.7 Summary -- 7 Nonlinear System Figures of Merit -- 7.1 Analogue System Nonlinear Figures of Merit -- 7.1.1 Intermodulation Ratio -- 7.1.2 Intercept Points -- 7.1.3 1-dB Compression Point -- 7.2 Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) -- 7.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) -- 7.4 CDMA Waveform Quality Factor (p) -- 7.5 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) -- 7.6 Co-Channel Power Ratio (CCPR) -- 7.7 Noise-to-Power Ratio (NPR) -- 7.7.1 NPR of Communication Signals -- 7.7.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal -- 7.8 Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems -- 7.8.1 Nonlinear Noise Figure -- 7.8.2 NBGN Model for Input Signal and Noise -- 7.9 Summary -- 8 Communication System Models and Simulation in MATLABâ -- 8.1 Simulation of Communication Systems -- 8.1.1 Random Signal Generation -- 8.1.2 System Models.

8.1.3 Baseband versus Passband Simulations -- 8.2 Choosing the Sampling Rate in MATLABâ Simulations -- 8.3 Random Signal Generation in MATLABâ -- 8.3.1 White Gaussian Noise Generator -- 8.3.2 Random Matrices -- 8.3.3 Random Integer Matrices -- 8.4 Pulse-Shaping Filters -- 8.4.1 Raised Cosine Filters -- 8.4.2 Gaussian Filters -- 8.5 Error Detection and Correction -- 8.6 Digital Modulation in MATLABâ -- 8.6.1 Linear Modulation -- 8.6.2 Nonlinear Modulation -- 8.7 Channel Models in MATLABâ -- 8.8 Simulation of System Performance in MATLABâ -- 8.8.1 BER -- 8.8.2 Scatter Plots -- 8.8.3 Eye Diagrams -- 8.9 Generation of Communications Signals in MATLABâ -- 8.9.1 Narrowband Gaussian Noise -- 8.9.2 OFDM Signals -- 8.9.3 DS-SS Signals -- 8.9.4 Multisine Signals -- 8.10 Example -- 8.11 Random Signal Generation in Simulinkâ -- 8.11.1 Random Data Sources -- 8.11.2 Random Noise Generators -- 8.11.3 Sequence Generators -- 8.12 Digital Modulation in Simulinkâ -- 8.13 Simulation of System Performance in Simulinkâ -- 8.13.1 Example 1: Random Sources and Modulation -- 8.13.2 Example 2: CDMA Transmitter -- 8.13.3 Simulation of Wireless Standards in Simulinkâ -- 8.14 Summary -- 9 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in MATLABâ -- 9.1 Generation of Nonlinearity in MATLABâ -- 9.1.1 Memoryless Nonlinearity -- 9.1.2 Nonlinearity with Memory -- 9.2 Fitting a Nonlinear Model to Measured Data -- 9.2.1 Fitting a Memoryless Polynomial Model to Measured Data -- 9.2.2 Fitting a Three-Box Model to Measured Data -- 9.2.3 Fitting a Memory Polynomial Model to a Simulated Nonlinearity -- 9.3 Autocorrelation and Spectrum Estimation -- 9.3.1 Estimation of the Autocorrelation Function -- 9.3.2 Plotting the Signal Spectrum -- 9.3.3 Power Measurements from a PSD -- 9.4 Spectrum of the Output of a Memoryless Nonlinearity -- 9.4.1 Single Channel -- 9.4.2 Two Channels.

9.5 Spectrum of the Output of a Nonlinearity with Memory -- 9.5.1 Three-Box Model -- 9.5.2 Memory Polynomial Model -- 9.6 Spectrum of Orthogonalized Nonlinear Model -- 9.7 Estimation of System Metrics from Simulated Spectra -- 9.7.1 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SNDR) -- 9.7.2 EVM -- 9.7.3 ACPR -- 9.8 Simulation of Probability of Error -- 9.9 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio -- 9.10 Simulation of Nonlinear Noise Figure -- 9.11 Summary -- 10 Simulation of Nonlinear Systems in Simulinkâ -- 10.1 RF Impairments in Simulinkâ -- 10.1.1 Communications Blockset -- 10.1.2 The RF Blockset -- 10.2 Nonlinear Amplifier Mathematical Models in Simulinkâ -- 10.2.1 The "Memoryless Nonlinearity" Block-Communications Blockset -- 10.2.2 Cubic Polynomial Model -- 10.2.3 Hyperbolic Tangent Model -- 10.2.4 Saleh Model -- 10.2.5 Ghorbani Model -- 10.2.6 Rapp Model -- 10.2.7 Example -- 10.2.8 The "Amplifier" Block-The RF Blockset -- 10.3 Nonlinear Amplifier Physical Models in Simulinkâ -- 10.3.1 "General Amplifier" Block -- 10.3.2 "S-Parameter Amplifier" Block -- 10.4 Measurements of Distortion and System Metrics -- 10.4.1 Adjacent-Channel Distortion -- 10.4.2 In-Band Distortion -- 10.4.3 Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio -- 10.4.4 Error Vector Magnitude -- 10.5 Example: Performance of Digital Modulation with Nonlinearity -- 10.6 Simulation of Noise-to-Power Ratio -- 10.7 Simulation of Noise Figure in Nonlinear Systems -- 10.8 Summary -- Appendix A Basics of Signal and System Analysis -- A.1 Signals -- A.2 Systems -- Appendix B Random Signal Analysis -- B.1 Random Variables -- B.1.1 Examples of Random Variables -- B.1.2 Functions of Random Variables -- B.1.3 Expectation -- B.1.4 Moments -- B.2 Two Random Variables -- B.2.1 Independence -- B.2.2 Joint Statistics -- B.3 Multiple Random Variables -- B.4 Complex Random Variables -- B.5 Gaussian Random Variables.

B.5.1 Single Gaussian Random Variable.