Contents -- Foreword and Acknowledgement -- CHAPTER 1 The Development of Wind Converters -- 1.1 Nature and Origin of the Wind -- 1.2 Development of Wind Converters -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Theory of Wind Converters -- 2.1 Power and Energy Basis of Wind Converters -- 2.1.1 Origin and properties of the wind -- 2.1.2 Power and energy -- 2.2 Theoretical Power Available in the Wind -- 2.3 Theoretical Maximum Power Extractable from the Wind -- 2.4 Practical Power Extractable from the Wind -- 2.4.1 Power coefficient -- 2.4.2 Torque versus rotational speed -- 2.4.3 Shaft power versus rotational speed -- 2.4.4 Tip-speed ratio (TSR) -- 2.5 Mechanical Features of Wind Machines -- 2.5.1 Axial thrust (Pressure) -- 2.5.2 The "Yaw" effect -- 2.5.3 Gyroscopic forces and vibrations -- 2.5.4 Centrifugal forces -- 2.5.5 Solidity factor -- 2.5.6 Two rotor blades or three rotor blades? -- 2.5.7 Shaft torque and power -- 2.6 Fixed Rotational Speed or Variable Rotational Speed? -- 2.6.1 Constant speed operation -- 2.6.2 Variable speed operation -- 2.7 Efficiency Considerations of Wind-Powered Electricity Generation -- 2.8 Worked Numerical Examples on Wind-Turbine Operation -- 2.9 Problems and Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Past and Present Wind-Energy Turbines -- 3.1 Nineteenth-Century Windmills -- 3.2 Early Twentieth-Century Wind-Energy Turbines -- 3.3 Later Twentieth-Century Wind-Energy Turbines -- 3.4 Modern Large Wind Power Installations -- 3.5 Worked Numerical Example -- 3.6 Vertical Axis Wind Machines -- 3.6.1 The Savonius design -- 3.6.2 The Darrieus design -- 3.6.3 Other forms of vertical axis machine -- References -- CHAPTER 4 The Location and Siting of Wind Turbines -- 4.1 The Availability of Wind Supply -- 4.1.1 Global survey -- 4.1.2 Energy content of the wind -- 4.1.3 Wind-energy supply in Europe -- 4.1.4 Wind-energy supply in the USA.

4.2 Statistical Representation of Wind Speed -- 4.3 Choice of Wind Turbine Sites -- 4.3.1 Identification of suitable areas -- 4.3.2 Selection of possible sites within the chosen area -- 4.4 Effects of the Site Terrain -- 4.5 Spacing Effects of Wind Farm Arrays -- 4.6 Problems and Review Questions -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Power Flow in Electrical Transmission and Distribution Systems -- 5.1 Basic Forms of Power Transmission Networks -- 5.2 Current and Voltage Relationships -- 5.3 Power Relationships in Sinusoidal Circuits -- 5.3.1 Instantaneous power -- 5.3.2 Average power and apparent power -- 5.3.3 Power factor -- 5.3.4 Reactive power -- 5.4 Complex Power -- 5.5 Real Power Flow and Reactive Power Flow in Electrical Power Systems -- 5.5.1 General summary -- 5.5.2 Summary from the perspective of the consumer -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Electrical Generator Machines in Wind-Energy Systems -- 6.1 DC Generators -- 6.2 AC Generators -- 6.3 Synchronous Machine Generators -- 6.4 Three-Phase Induction Machine -- 6.4.1 Three-phase induction motor -- 6.4.2 Three-phase induction generator -- 6.4.3 Different generation systems -- 6.5 Analysis of Induction Generator in Terms of Complex Vector Representation -- 6.5.1 Three-phase to d-q-0 space vector transformation -- 6.6 Switched Reluctance Machines -- 6.6.1 Switched reluctance motor -- 6.6.2 Switched reluctance generator -- 6.7 What Form of Generator is the Best Choice for Wind Generation Systems? -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Power Electronic Converters in Wind-Energy Systems -- 7.1 Types of Semiconductor Switching Converters -- 7.2 Three-Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifier -- 7.3 Three-Phase Controlled Bridge Inverter Feeding an Infinite Bus -- 7.3.1 Output voltage -- 7.3.2 Real (average) power output -- 7.3.3 Reactive power -- 7.3.4 RMS output current -- 7.3.5 Inverter power factor.

7.4 The Effect of AC System Reactance on Inverter Operation -- 7.5 Three-Phase Cycloconverter Feeding an Infinite Bus -- 7.6 Matrix Converter Feeding an Infinite Bus -- 7.7 Worked Numerical Examples -- 7.7.1 Three-phase bridge rectifier -- 7.7.2 Three-phase bridge inverter feeding on infinite bus -- 7.8 Commonly Used Forms of Power Electronic Drive in Wind-Energy Systems -- 7.8.1 Fixed-speed and directly coupled cage induction generator -- 7.8.2 Variable-speed and doubly fed induction generator -- 7.8.3 Variable-speed and direct drive synchronous generator -- 7.9 Problems and Review Questions -- 7.9.1 Three-phase controlled bridge rectifier, with ideal supply, feeding a highly inductive load -- 7.9.2 Three-phase, full-wave, and controlled bridge inverter feeding an infinite bus -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Integrating Wind Power Generation into an Electrical Power System -- 8.1 Electricity Distribution Systems -- 8.2 Issues for Consideration Concerning the Integration of Wind-Energy Generation into an Electric Power System -- 8.2.1 Energy credit -- 8.2.2 Capacity credit -- 8.2.3 Control and reliability -- 8.3 The Effect of Integrated Wind Generation on Steady-State System Voltages -- 8.4 The Effect of Integrated Wind Generation on Dynamic and Transient System Voltages -- 8.4.1 Lightning strikes -- 8.4.2 Voltage flicker -- 8.4.3 Harmonics -- 8.4.4 Self-excitation of induction generators -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Environmental Aspects of Wind Energy -- 9.1 Reduction of Emissions -- 9.1.1 World consumption of coal -- 9.1.2 Open coal fires -- 9.2 Effluents due to Coal Burning -- 9.2.1 Sulphur oxides -- 9.2.2 Nitrogen oxides -- 9.2.3 Particulates -- 9.2.4 Carbon dioxide -- 9.3 Wind Turbine Noise -- 9.3.1 Measurement of wind turbine aerodynamic noise -- 9.3.2 Mechanical noise -- 9.4 Electromagnetic Interference from Wind Turbines.

9.4.1 Electromagnetic interference radiated from wind turbines -- 9.4.2 Electromagnetic interference effects due to the rotating blades -- 9.5 Effect of a Wind Turbine on Wildlife -- 9.6 Visual Impact of Wind Turbines -- 9.6.1 Individual response -- 9.6.2 Shadow flicker -- 9.7 Safety Aspects of Wind-Turbine Operation -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Economic Aspects of Wind Power -- 10.1 Investment Aspects of Wind-Powered Electricity Generation -- 10.1.1 Costs of the turbines and generators -- 10.1.2 Costs of the turbine site, construction, and grid connection -- 10.1.3 Operation and maintenance (O and M) costs -- 10.1.4 Turbine lifetime and depreciation rate -- 10.1.5 Cost associated with the financing of wind farm building and operation -- 10.1.6 Wind regime at the turbine site -- 10.2 Comparative Costs of Generating Electricity from Different Fuel Sources -- References -- Answers to the End of Chapter Problems -- Index.