Cover -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Numerical Descriptive Measures -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Population and Sample -- 1.1.2 Types of Variables -- 1.1.3 Organising Data -- 1.1.3.1 Qualitative Data -- 1.1.3.2 Graphical Representation of Qualitative Data -- 1.1.3.3 Graphical Representation of Quantitative Data -- 1.2 Numerical Summary Measures -- 1.2.1 Measures of Central Tendency for Ungrouped Data -- 1.2.1.1 Mean for Ungrouped Data -- 1.2.1.2 Median -- 1.2.1.3 Mode -- 1.2.1.4 Empirical Relation among Mean, Median and Mode -- 1.2.2 Measures of Dispersion for Ungrouped Data -- 1.2.2.1 Range -- 1.2.2.2 Variance and Standard Deviation -- 1.2.3 Mean, Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data -- 1.2.3.1 Mean for Grouped Data -- 1.2.3.2 Variance and Standard Deviation for Grouped Data -- 1.2.4 Measures of Position -- 1.2.4.1 Quartiles and Interquartile Range -- 1.2.4.2 Percentiles -- 1.2.4.3 Skewness and Kurtosis -- 1.2.4.4 Box-and-Whisker Plot -- 1.3 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 2 Probability -- 2.1 Experiment, Outcome and Sample Space -- 2.2 Simple and Composite Events -- 2.3 Axioms of Probability -- 2.4 Finite Probability Spaces -- 2.5 Infinite Probability Spaces -- 2.6 Properties of Probability -- 2.7 Venn Diagram -- 2.8 Probability Tree or Tree Diagram -- 2.9 Approaches to Probability -- 2.9.1 Classical Probability -- 2.9.2 Relative Frequency Concept of Probability -- 2.9.3 Subjective Probability -- 2.9.4 Marginal Probability -- 2.9.5 Conditional Probability -- 2.10 Mutually Exclusive Events -- 2.11 Independent and Dependent Events -- 2.12 Complementary Events -- 2.13 Intersection of Events and Multiplication Rule -- 2.13.1 Intersection of Events -- 2.13.2 Multiplication Rule -- 2.14 Union of Events and the Addition Rule.

2.14.1 Union of Events -- 2.14.2 Addition Rule -- 2.15 Baye's Formula -- 2.16 Additional Examples and Solutions -- 2.17 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 3 Random Variables and Probability Distributions -- 3.1 Random Variables -- 3.1.1 Discrete Random Variables -- 3.1.2 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Random Variable -- 3.1.3 Continuous Random Variables -- 3.1.4 Mean and Variance for Continuous Random Variables -- 3.1.5 Expectation -- 3.2 Permutations and Combinations -- 3.2.1 Permutations -- 3.2.2 Combinations -- 3.3 Discrete Distributions -- 3.3.1 Hypergeometric Distribution -- 3.3.2 The Binomial Probability Distribution -- 3.3.3 The Binomial Experiment -- 3.3.4 The Binomial Formula -- 3.3.4.1 Binomial Theorem -- 3.3.4.2 Cumulative Terms for Binomial Distribution -- 3.3.4.3 Mean and Standard Deviation of Binomial Distribution -- 3.3.5 Poisson Distribution -- 3.3.5.1 Derivation from Binomial Distribution -- 3.3.5.2 Mean and Standard Deviation -- 3.4 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 3.4.1 The Normal Distribution -- 3.4.1.1 Properties of the Normal Distribution -- 3.4.1.2 Mean and Variance of the Normal Distribution -- 3.4.1.3 The Cumulative Normal Distribution -- 3.4.1.4 The Standard Normal Distribution -- 3.4.1.5 Problem-Solving Procedure -- 3.5 Approximating Probability Distributions -- 3.5.1 Binomial Approximation to the Hypergeometric -- 3.5.2 Poisson Approximation to the Binomial -- 3.5.3 Normal Approximation to the Binomial -- 3.5.4 Normal Approximation to the Poisson -- 3.6 Chebyshev's Theorem -- 3.7 Empirical Rule -- 3.8 The Central Limit Theorem -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 4 Sampling Distributions -- 4.1 Properties of Sample Mean and Variance.

4.2 Population and Sampling Distributions -- 4.2.1 Population Distribution -- 4.2.2 Sampling Distribution -- 4.3 Sampling and Nonsampling Errors -- 4.4 Mean and Standard Deviation of x -- 4.5 Shape of the Sampling Distribution of x -- 4.5.1 Sampling from a Normally Distributed Population -- 4.5.2 Sampling from a Population that is not Normally Distributed -- 4.6 Applications of the Sampling Distribution of x -- 4.7 Population and Sample Proportions -- 4.8 Sampling Distribution of p -- 4.9 Mean and Standard Deviation of p -- 4.10 The Chi-Square Distribution -- 4.11 The t-Distribution -- 4.12 The F-Distribution -- 4.13 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 5 Estimation -- 5.1 Point Estimation -- 5.2 Interval Estimation -- 5.3 Confidence Interval on Mean, Variance Known -- 5.4 Confidence Interval on the Mean of a Normal Distribution, Variance Unknown -- 5.5 Confidence Interval on the Variance of a Normal Distribution -- 5.6 Confidence Interval on a Population Proportion -- 5.7 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Two Means, Variance Known -- 5.8 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown -- 5.9 Confidence Interval on μ1 - μ2 for Paired Observations -- 5.10 Confidence Interval on the Ratio of Variance of Two Normal Distributions -- 5.11 Confidence Interval on the Difference in Two Proportions -- 5.12 Sample Size Selection -- 5.12.1 Sample Size Selection for Estimating Population Mean -- 5.12.2 Sample Size for the Estimation of Proportion -- 5.13 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 6 Hypothesis Testing -- 6.1 Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis -- 6.2 The Critical Region -- 6.3 Types of Sampling Errors (Type I and Type II Errors).

6.4 Level of Significance -- 6.5 Tails of a Test -- 6.6 Hypothesis Test on the Population Mean, Standard Deviation Known -- 6.7 Hypothesis Test on the Population Mean, Standard Deviation Unknown -- 6.8 Hypothesis Test for a Population Variance -- 6.9 Hypothesis Test on a Population Proportion -- 6.10 Hypothesis Test on Equality of Two Means, Variances Known -- 6.11 Hypothesis Test on the Means of Two Normal Distributions, Variances Unknown -- 6.11.1 Case 1: -- 6.11.2 Case 2: -- 6.12 Hypothesis Test to Compare Two Population Means (Paired t-Test) -- 6.13 Hypothesis Test on the Equality of Two Variances -- 6.14 Hypothesis Test on Two Proportions -- 6.15 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 7 Curve Fitting, Regression and Correlation -- 7.1 Linear Equation -- 7.2 Curve Fitting With a Linear Equation -- 7.3 Criteria for a "Best" Fit -- 7.4 Linear Least-Squares Regression -- 7.5 Linear Regression Analysis -- 7.6 Interpretation of a and b -- 7.7 Standard Deviation of Random Errors -- 7.8 Coefficient of Determination -- 7.9 Sampling Distribution of b -- 7.10 Hypothesis Testing About B -- 7.11 Linear Correlation -- 7.12 Estimating the Mean Value of y -- 7.13 Estimating a Particular Value of y -- 7.14 Linearization of Non-Linear Relationships -- 7.15 Polynomial Regression -- 7.16 Quantification of Error of Linear Regression -- 7.17 Multiple Linear Regression -- 7.18 Weighted Least-Squares Method -- 7.19 Orthogonal Polynomials and Least-Squares Approximation -- 7.20 Least-Squares Method for Continuous Data -- 7.21 Approximation Using Orthogonal Polynomials -- 7.22 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Process -- 7.23 Additional Example Problems and Solutions -- 7.24 Summary -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 8 chi-square Tests.

8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A Goodness-of-Fit Test -- 8.3 Contingency Table -- 8.4 A Test of Independence or Homogeneity -- 8.5 Inferences about the Population Variance -- 8.6 Estimation of the Population Variance -- 8.7 Hypothesis Tests about the Population Variance -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Chapter 9 Analysis of Variance -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance -- 9.3 Test Statistic -- 9.4 One-Way Anova Test -- Problems -- Review Questions -- State True or False -- Answers to State True or False -- Appendices -- Appendix-A Values for n Factorial -- Appendix-B Binomial Coefficients -- Appendix-C Table of Binomial Probabilities -- Appendix-D Cumulative Poisson Distributions -- Appendix-E Cumulative Standard Normal Distribution -- Appendix-F chi-square Distribution Table -- Appendix-G The t-Distribution Table -- Appendix-H The F-Distribution Table -- Appendix-I Cramer's Rule -- Bibliography -- Glossary of Technical Terms -- Glossary of Symbols -- Key Formulae -- Answers to Selected Problems.