Semantic Primes and Universal Grammar -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of contributors -- List of abbreviations -- Typographical conventions and symbols -- Preface -- References -- Scope and contents of this volume -- References -- The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach -- 1.1. Basic principles -- 1.2. The growth of the NSM lexicon -- 1.3. Allolexy and portmanteaus -- 1.4. Polysemy -- 1.5. NSM syntax -- 1.6. Valency options -- 1.7. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Romance versions of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage -- Natural Semantic Metalanguage exponents and universal grammar in Romance -- 2.1. Substantives -- 2.1.1. i and you -- 2.1.2. someone and something -- 2.1.3. people -- 2.1.4. body -- 2.2. Determiners -- 2.2.1. this -- 2.2.2. same -- 2.2.3. other -- 2.3. Quantifiers -- 2.3.1. one and two -- 2.3.2. some -- 2.3.3. much / many -- 2.3.4. all -- 2.4. Summary of exponents (without allolexes) -- References -- NSM exponents and universal grammar in Romance -- 3.1. Evaluators and descriptors -- 3.1.1. good and bad -- 3.1.2. big and small -- 3.1.3. Placement rules for evaluators and descriptors in Romance NSMs -- 3.2. Mental predicates -- 3.2.1. know -- 3.2.2. think -- 3.2.3. want -- 3.2.4. feel -- 3.2.5. hear and see -- 3.3. Summary of exponents (without allolexes) -- References -- NSM exponents and universal grammar in Romance -- 4.1. Speech -- 4.1.1. say -- 4.1.2. words -- 4.1.3. true -- 4.2. Actions, events and movement -- 4.2.1. do -- 4.2.2. happen -- 4.2.3. move -- 4.3. Existence and possession -- 4.3.1. there is -- 4.3.2. have -- 4.4. Life and death -- 4.4.1. live -- 4.4.2. die -- 4.5. Summary of exponents (without allolexes) -- Acknowledgments -- References -- NSM exponents and universal grammar in Romance -- 5.1. Time -- 5.1.1. when (time).

5.1.2. now -- 5.1.3. before and after -- 5.1.4. a long time and a short time -- 5.1.5. for some time -- 5.1.6. in one moment -- 5.2. Space -- 5.2.1. where (place) -- 5.2.2. here -- 5.2.3. above and below -- 5.2.4. far and near -- 5.2.5. side -- 5.2.6. inside -- 5.2.7. touch -- 5.3. Summary of exponents (without allolexes) -- Acknowledgments -- References -- NSM exponents and universal grammar in Romance -- 6.1. Logical concepts -- 6.1.1. not -- 6.1.2. can -- 6.1.3. maybe -- 6.1.4. because of -- 6.1.5. if -- 6.2. Intensifier and augmentor -- 6.2.1. very -- 6.2.2. more -- 6.3. Taxonomy and partonomy -- 6.3.1. kind of -- 6.3.2. part -- 6.4. Similarity -- 6.4.1. like -- 6.5. Summary of exponents (without allolexes) -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Natural Semantic Metalanguage applied -- Sfogarsi -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Sfogare and its closest English counterpart to vent -- 7.3. Sfogarsi -- 7.3.1. A dictionary definition and some examples -- 7.3.2. Explicating sfogarsi -- 7.4. Some cultural values reflected in Italian communication -- 7.5. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Portuguese saudade and other emotions of absence and longing -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Key features of saudade -- 8.2.1. Saudade as emotional affliction -- 8.2.2. Saudade vs. saudades -- 8.2.3. What stimulates saudade -- 8.2.4. Where saudade is felt -- 8.2.5. Saudade as an edifying emotion -- 8.3. NSM and saudade / nostalgia / falta -- 8.4. The culture-specific nature of saudade -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- The development of a key word -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Synchronic evidence for crisis as a key word -- 9.2.1. The ``common word'' criterion -- 9.2.2. The ``semantic domain'' criterion -- 9.2.3. The ``phraseological cluster'' criterion -- 9.3. Diachronic evidence for the emergence of crisis as a key word.

9.3.1. Crisis as medical judgment -- 9.3.2. Crisis as medical situation -- 9.3.3. Crisis as a negative situation -- 9.3.4. The crisis worsens -- 9.3.5. The crisis life-style of the 20th century -- 9.4. Dynamism as evidence of semantic change -- Notes -- References -- The French connector certes -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. The affirmative certes -- 10.2.1. Dialogal certes -- 10.2.2. Monologal certes -- 10.3. The concessive certes in binary structures: Certes… mais -- 10.3.1. Summary of features -- 10.3.2. Formal features -- 10.3.3. Semantic features -- 10.3.4. Pragmatic features -- 10.3.5. Discursive structure: Thematic coherence -- 10.4. An NSM explication of the certes… mais sequence -- 10.5. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Francamente, el rojo te sienta fatal -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. The modalizing expressions of sinceridad -- 11.3. Sincerity, cooperation and communicative strategy -- 11.4. Semantics and pragmatics of speech modalizers of ``frankness'', ``honesty'' and ``sincerity'' -- 11.4.1. Hablar sinceramente -- 11.4.2. Hablar honestamente -- 11.4.3. Hablar francamente -- 11.4.4. Sinceridad, honestidad, franqueza and socially approved behavior -- 11.5. Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Towards a description of Spanish and Italian diminutives within the NSM framework -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Formal aspects of Spanish and Italian diminutive formation -- 12.2.1. Formal aspects of Spanish diminutive formation -- 12.2.2. Formal aspects of Italian diminutive formation -- 12.3. Analysis -- 12.3.1. Diminutive functions -- 12.3.2. The COM function -- 12.3.3. The DIM function -- 12.3.4. The END function -- 12.3.5. The EUPH function -- 12.3.6. The HUM function -- 12.3.7. The INS function -- 12.3.8. The INT function -- 12.3.9. The IRON function -- 12.3.10. The PEJ function.

12.3.11. The POC function -- 12.3.12. Discussion -- 12.4. An NSM account of the functions of Spanish and Italian diminutives -- 12.4.1. Preliminary remarks: Directionality -- 12.4.2. NSM explications14 -- 12.5. Theoretical issues -- 12.5.1. Diminutives: Lexicalization, grammaticalization or conventionalization? -- 12.5.2. Diminutive formation, reduplication and absolute superlatives -- 12.6. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Index of primes (by language) -- Index of primes and allolexes (alphabetical) -- Index of concepts -- Index of names -- The series Studies in Language Companion Series.