Voices of the Invisible Presence -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Invisible and soundless voices -- 1.2 The development of interpreting -- 1.3 Aim of the study -- 1.4 Oral history as a method -- 1.4.1 What is oral history? -- 1.4.2 Narratives as evidence -- 1.4.3 Life-story interviews -- 1.4.4 Profiles of five pioneer interpreters in Japan -- 1.5 Conclusion -- 2. A brief history of interpreting/translation in Japan -- 2.1 Interpreters in Nagasaki -- 2.2 Translation and the modernization in Meiji Japan -- 2.2.1 Fukuzawa Yukichi -- 2.2.2 Tsuda Sen -- 2.3 War and peace -- 2.3.1 The Potsdam Declaration -- 2.3.2 International Military Tribunal for the Far East -- 2.4 Simultaneous interpreting in Japan -- 2.5 Case studies of mistranslation in Japanese diplomacy -- 2.5.1 Sato's 'I'll do my best' reply to Nixon -- 2.6 Interpreter training and foreign language education in Japan -- 2.7 Interpreting studies in Japan -- 2.8 Conclusion -- 3. Habitus -- 3.1 Learning English as a foreign language -- 3.1.1 Motivation for language learning -- 3.1.2 Teachers of English -- 3.1.3 Studying a 'hostile language' during the war -- 3.1.4 Studying English after the war -- 3.2 Growing up in a bilingual environment -- 3.2.1 Acquiring English -- 3.2.2 Critical thinking -- 3.2.3 Learning Japanese -- 3.3 Experiencing World War II -- 3.3.1 Pre-war years -- 3.3.2 Wartime days -- 3.3.3 Post-war period -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.5 Conclusion -- 4. Into the field of interpreting -- 4.1 Occupation Forces -- 4.2 Moral Re-Armament -- 4.3 Productivity teams -- 4.4 Japan-U.S. Ministerial Meetings on Trade and Economic Affairs -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusion -- 5. Interpreting as a practice -- 5.1 Nishiyama and Reischauer-Sensei -- 5.1.1 Kono Ichiro's tanka -- 5.1.2 Kakeai manzai with Ambassador Reischauer.

5.1.3 Interpreters as tomei ningen -- 5.1.4 Nishiyama made visible by Apollo -- 5.2 Komatsu as a visible machine -- 5.2.1 As a member of diplomatic teams -- 5.2.2 Faithful but visible -- 5.2.3 The interpreter as a machine -- 5.3 Muramatsu and 'unsinkable aircraft carrier' -- 5.3.1 What happened -- 5.3.2 What Nakasone intended to say -- 5.3.3 Interpreter's choice -- 5.4 Sohma as the first female simultaneous interpreter in Japan -- 5.4.1 Gender bias -- 5.4.2 Interpreting as a 'calling' -- 5.4.3 Mother and daughter -- 5.4.4 Interpreters' responsibility -- 5.4.5 Motivation for an interpreter -- 5.5 Kunihiro and his keren interpreting -- 5.5.1 Prime Minister Miki's press conference -- 5.5.2 Keren interpreting -- 5.5.3 Comradeship with Miki -- 5.6 Discussion -- 5.7 Conclusion -- 6. Insights -- 6.1 The role of interpreters -- 6.1.1 Interpreter Interpersonal Role Inventory -- 6.1.2 Conference interpreters -- 6.2 Cultural issues for interpreters -- 6.2.1 The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity -- 6.2.2 Intercultural competence/literacy -- 6.3 Conclusion -- 7. Perspectives -- References -- Index -- The series Benjamins Translation Library.