Front Cover -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Chapter 1: History and Background of Cognitive Radio Technology -- 1.1 The Vision of Cognitive Radio -- 1.2 History and Background Leading to Cognitive Radio -- 1.3 A Brief History of SDR -- 1.4 Basic SDR -- 1.4.1 The Hardware Architecture of an SDR -- 1.4.2 Computational Processing Resources in an SDR -- 1.4.3 The Software Architecture of an SDR -- 1.4.4 Java Reflection in a Cognitive Radio -- 1.4.5 Smart Antennas in a Cognitive Radio -- 1.5 Spectrum Management -- 1.5.1 Managing Unlicensed Spectrum -- 1.5.2 Noise Aggregation -- 1.5.3 Aggregating Spectrum Demand and Use of Subleasing Methods -- 1.5.4 Priority Access -- 1.6 US Government Roles in Cognitive Radio -- 1.6.1 DARPA -- 1.6.2 FCC -- 1.6.3 NSF/CSTB Study -- 1.7 How Smart Is Useful? -- 1.8 Organization of this Book -- Chapter 2: Communications Policy and Spectrum Management -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Cognitive Radio Technology Enablers -- 2.3 New Opportunities in Spectrum Access -- 2.3.1 Current Spectrum Access Techniques -- 2.3.2 Opportunistic Spectrum Access -- 2.3.3 Dynamic Frequency Selection -- 2.4 Policy Challenges for Cognitive Radios -- 2.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access -- 2.4.2 Security -- 2.4.3 Communications Policy before Cognitive Radio -- 2.4.4 Cognitive Radio Impact on Communications Policy -- 2.4.5 US Telecommunications Policy, Beginning with the Titanic -- 2.4.6 US Telecommunications Policy: Keeping Pace with Technology -- 2.5 Telecommunications Policy and Technology Impact on Regulation -- 2.5.1 Basic Geometries -- 2.5.2 Introduction of Dynamic Policies -- 2.5.3 Introduction of Policy-Enabled Devices -- 2.5.4 Interference Avoidance -- 2.5.5 Overarching Impact -- 2.6 Global Policy Interest in Cognitive Radios -- 2.6.1 Global Interest -- 2.6.2 US Reviews of Cognitive Radios for Dynamic Spectrum Access -- 2.7 Summary.

Chapter 3: The Software Defined Radio as a Platform for Cognitive Radio -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Hardware Architecture -- 3.2.1 The Block Diagram -- 3.2.2 Baseband Processor Engines -- 3.2.3 Baseband Processing Deployment -- 3.2.4 Multicore Systems and System-on-Chip -- 3.3 Software Architecture -- 3.3.1 Design Philosophies and Patterns -- 3.4 SDR Development and Design -- 3.4.1 GNURadio -- 3.4.2 Software Communications Architecture -- 3.5 Applications -- 3.5.1 Application Software -- 3.6 Development -- 3.6.1 Component Development -- 3.6.2 Waveform Development -- 3.7 Cognitive Waveform Development -- 3.8 Summary -- Chapter 4: Cognitive Radio: The Technologies Required -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Radio Flexibility and Capability -- 4.2.1 Continuum of Radio Flexibility and Capability -- 4.2.2 Examples of Software Capable Radios -- 4.2.3 Examples of Software Programmable Radios -- 4.2.4 Examples of SDR -- 4.3 Aware, Adaptive, and CRs -- 4.3.1 Aware Radios -- 4.3.2 Adaptive Radios -- 4.3.3 Cognitive Radios -- 4.4 Comparison of Radio Capabilities and Properties -- 4.5 Available Technologies for CRs -- 4.5.1 Geolocation -- 4.5.2 Spectrum Awareness/Frequency Occupancy -- 4.5.3 Biometrics -- 4.5.4 Time -- 4.5.5 Spatial Awareness or Situational Awareness -- 4.5.6 Software Technology -- 4.5.7 Spectrum Awareness and Potential for Sublease or Borrow -- 4.6 Funding and Research in CRs -- 4.6.1 Cognitive Geolocation Applications -- 4.6.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access and Spectrum Awareness -- 4.6.3 The Rendezvous Problem -- 4.6.4 CR Authentication Applications -- 4.7 Timeline for CRs -- 4.7.1 Decisions, Directions, and Standards -- 4.7.2 Manufacture of New Products -- 4.8 Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Spectrum Awareness -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Interference Avoidance Problem -- 5.3 Cognitive Radio Role -- 5.4 Spectral Footprint Minimization.

5.5 Creating Spectrum Awareness -- 5.5.1 Spectrum Usage Reporting -- 5.5.2 Spectrum Sensing -- 5.5.3 Potential Interference Analysis -- 5.5.4 Link Rendezvous -- 5.5.5 Distributed Sensing and Operation -- 5.6 Channel Awareness and Multiple Signals in Space -- 5.7 Spectrally Aware Networking -- 5.8 Overlay and Underlay Techniques -- 5.9 Adaptive Spectrum Implications for Cognitive Radio Hardware -- 5.10 Summary: The Cognitive Radio Toolkit -- Appendix: Propagation Energy Loss -- Chapter 6: Cognitive Policy Engines -- 6.1 The Promise of Policy Management for Radios -- 6.2 Background and Definitions -- 6.3 Spectrum Policy -- 6.3.1 Management of Spectrum Policy -- 6.3.2 System Requirements for Spectrum Policy Management -- 6.4 Antecedents for Cognitive Policy Management -- 6.4.1 Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Policy Management Projects -- 6.4.2 Academic Research in Policy Management -- 6.4.3 Commercial Applications of Policy Management -- 6.4.4 Standardization Efforts for Policy Management -- 6.5 Policy Engine Architectures for Radio -- 6.5.1 Concept for Policy Engine Operations -- 6.5.2 Technical Approaches for Policy Management -- 6.5.3 Enabling Technologies -- 6.6 Integration of Policy Engines into Cognitive Radio -- 6.6.1 Software Communications Architecture Integration -- 6.6.2 Policy Engine Design -- 6.6.3 Integration of the Radio into a Network Policy Management Architecture -- 6.7 The Future of Cognitive Policy Management -- 6.7.1 Military Opportunities for Cognitive Policy Management -- 6.7.2 Commercial Opportunities for Spectrum Management -- 6.7.3 Obstacles to Adoption of Policy Management Architectures -- 6.8 Summary -- Chapter 7: Cognitive Techniques: Physical and Link Layers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Optimizing PHY and Link Layers for Multiple-Objectives Under Current Channel Conditions -- 7.3 Defining the Cognitive Radio.

7.4 Developing Radio Controls (Knobs) and Performance Measures (Meters) -- 7.4.1 PHY- and Link-Layer Parameters -- 7.4.2 Modeling Outcome as a Primary Objective -- 7.5 MODM Theory and Its Application to Cognitive Radio -- 7.5.1 Definition of MODM and Its Basic Formulation -- 7.5.2 Constraint Modeling -- 7.5.3 The Pareto-Optimal Front: Finding the Nondominated Solutions -- 7.5.4 Why the Radio Environment Is a MODM Problem -- 7.5.5 GA Approach to the MODM -- 7.6 The Multi-objective GA for Cognitive Radios -- 7.6.1 Cognition Loop -- 7.6.2 Representing Radio Parameters as Genes in a Chromosome -- 7.6.3 Multi-dimensional Analysis of the Chromosomes -- 7.6.4 Relative Pooling Tournament Evaluation -- 7.6.5 Example of the WSGA -- 7.7 Advanced GA Techniques -- 7.7.1 Population Initialization -- 7.7.2 Priming the GA with Previously Observed Solutions -- 7.7.3 CBDT Initialization of GAs -- 7.8 Need for a Higher-Layer Intelligence -- 7.8.1 Adjusting Parameters Autonomously to Achieve Goals -- 7.8.2 Rewards for Good Behavior and Punishments for Poor Performance -- 7.9 How the Intelligent Computer Operates -- 7.9.1 Sensing and Environmental Awareness -- 7.9.2 Decision-Making and Optimization -- 7.9.3 Case-Based Learning -- 7.9.4 Weight Values and Objective Functions -- 7.9.5 Distributed Learning -- 7.10 Summary -- Chapter 8: Cognitive Techniques: Position Awareness -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Radio Geolocation and Time Services -- 8.2.1 GPS -- 8.2.2 Coordinate System Transformations -- 8.2.3 GPS Geolocation Summary -- 8.3 Network Localization -- 8.3.1 Spatially Variant Network Service Availability -- 8.3.2 Geolocation-Enabled Routing -- 8.3.3 Miscellaneous Functions -- 8.4 Additional Geolocation Approaches -- 8.4.1 Time-Based Approaches -- 8.4.2 AOA Approach -- 8.4.3 RSS Approach -- 8.5 Network-Based Approaches -- 8.6 Boundary Decisions.

8.6.1 Regulatory Region Selection -- 8.6.2 Policy Servers and Regions -- 8.6.3 Other Uses of Boundary Decisions -- 8.7 Example of Cellular Telephone 911 Geolocation for First Responders -- 8.8 Interfaces to Other Cognitive Technologies -- 8.8.1 Interface to Policy Engines -- 8.8.2 Interface to Networking Functions -- 8.8.3 Interface to Planning Engines -- 8.8.4 Interface to User -- 8.9 Summary -- Chapter 9: Cognitive Techniques: Network Awareness -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Applications and their Requirements -- 9.3 Network Solutions to Requirements -- 9.4 Coping with the Complex Trade-Space -- 9.5 Cognition to the Rescue -- 9.6 The DARPA SAPIENT Program -- 9.7 Summary -- Chapter 10: Cognitive Services for the User -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Speech and Language Processing -- 10.2.1 Speaker Recognition -- 10.2.2 Language Identification -- 10.2.3 Text-to-Speech Conversion -- 10.2.4 Speech-to-Text Conversion -- 10.2.5 Machine Translation -- 10.2.6 Background Noise Suppression -- 10.2.7 Speech Coding -- 10.2.8 Speaker Stress Characterization -- 10.2.9 Noise Characterization -- 10.3 Concierge Services -- 10.4 Summary -- Chapter 11: Network Support: The Radio Environment Map -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Internal and External Network Support -- 11.3 Introduction to the REM -- 11.4 REM Infrastructure Support to Cognitive Radios -- 11.4.1 The Role of the REM in Cognitive Radio -- 11.4.2 REM Design -- 11.4.3 Enabling Techniques for Implementing REM -- 11.5 Obtaining Awareness with the REM -- 11.5.1 Awareness: Prerequisite for Cognitive Radio -- 11.5.2 Classification of Awareness -- 11.5.3 Obtaining SA -- 11.6 Network Support Scenarios and Applications -- 11.6.1 Infrastructure-Based Network and Centralized Global REM -- 11.6.2 Ad hoc Mesh Networks and Distributed Local REMs -- 11.7 Supporting Elements to the REM -- 11.8 Summary and Open Issues.

Chapter 12: Cognitive Research: Knowledge Representation and Learning.