TEXT AND TECHNOLOGY In Honour of John Sinclair -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Table of contents -- Foreword -- References -- British Traditions in Text Analysis From Firth to Sinclair -- 0. Some principles from Firth to Halliday and Sinclair -- 1. Alternative traditions -- 2. The practical applications of linguistics -- 3. Grammar and discourse, data and models -- 4. Methodology: attested data and text corpora -- 5. The essential content: form and meaning, lexis and grammar -- 6. The nature of linguistic behaviour -- 8. Beyond Saussurian dualisms -- 8. Looking up -- 8.1 Data-driven linguistics -- 8.2 Probabilistic grammar -- 8.3 Descriptive and pedagogical grammars -- 8.4 Linguistic variability -- 8.5 The public nature of science -- 8.6 Linguistic facts -- 8.7 The problem of order -- 9. Descriptions and theories, methods and applications -- Notes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 1. Spoken and Written Discourse -- Inexplicitness A Feature of Naturalness in Conversation -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The notion of context -- 1.1 Context and conversational coherence -- 2. Linguistic realisations of inexplicitness -- 3. Contextual components contributing to the level of inexplicitness -- 3.1 The physical setting and its institutionalisation -- 3.2 Shared knowledge -- 3.3 Linguistic context and its influence on inexplicitness -- 4. Interpreting inexplicitness in conversation -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Topic as a Dynamic Element in Spoken Discourse -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 0.1 The notion of topic -- 0.1.1 Inexplicitness as an outcome of topic creation and development -- 0.1.2 Prospection -- 1. A dynamic model of discourse -- 1.1 Planes of discourse -- 1.2 Plane change -- 2. Topic-Framework -- 2.1 Topic-Framework as a rank in discourse -- 2.2 The structure of the Topic-Framework.

3. Relevance in the Topic-Framework -- 3.1 Relevance as a semantic notion -- 3.2 The notion of aboutness -- 3.2.1 Maintenance for or challenge to aboutness -- 3.3 Relevance as a property of structure in discourse -- 3.3.1 Prospection as afeature of structure -- 4. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Interpreting Multi-act Moves in Spoken Discourse -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 0.1 Multi-act moves -- 0.2 The discourse value of acts -- 0.2.1 Head acts and starters -- 1. Identifying the head act -- 1.1 The co-occurrence of elicitations -- 1.2 Elicitations and informatives -- 1.3 Requestives and informatives -- 1.4 Requestives and elicitations -- 1.5 Directives and informatives -- 1.6 Directives and elicitations -- 2. Further observations -- 3. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Theme and Prospection in Written Discourse -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Theme in Finnish and English -- 2. Some assumptions about thematic progression -- 3. Thematic progression: towards the formulation of hypotheses -- 4. Theme and prospection -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Professional Conflict Disagreement in Academic Discourse -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The texts -- 2. The relevance of the conflict -- 3. The management of conflict: representing knowledge claims -- 3.1 Common strategies -- 3.1.1 Differentials in status -- 3.1.2 Modification of status -- 3.2 Differences between empirical and other papers -- 3.2.1 The use of attitudinal verbs -- 3.2.2 Adverbial modification -- 3.2.3 Appeal to consensus -- 4. The resolution of the conflict -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 2. Corpus Studies: Theory and Practice -- A Corpus-Driven Approach to Grammar Principles, Methods and Examples -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The treatment of lexis in a traditional descriptive grammar -- 1.1 Introductory 'it' as Object.

1.2 Appositive 'that' -clause qualifiers -- 2. A lexical and phraseological grammar -- 2.1 The role of phraseology -- 3. Item and environment: a methodological convenience -- 3.1 From introductory 'it' to the grammar of 'possible' -- 4. Appositive thai-clause qualifiers: a lexical approach -- 4.1 Lexical range and semantic sets -- 4.2 Meaning -- 4.3 Phraseological constraints -- 4.4 Indefinite articles and plural forms -- 5 Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Irony in the Text or Insincerity in the Writer? The Diagnostic Potential of Semantic Prosodies -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Semantic prosodies in Larkin's poem's -- 1.1 Semantic prosodies in Larkin's 'First Sight' -- 1.2 A semantic prosody in Larkin's 'Days' -- 2. Irony and semantic prosodies -- 3. Prosodic clash and possible insincerity -- 4. Grading suasive texts: 'good' and 'bad' prosodies -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix -- Corpus Evidence of Language Change The Case of the Intensifier -- Abstract -- 0. The status of diachronic linguistics -- 1. Intensifiera and hyperbole -- 2. A historical process: the shift from modal to intensifier -- 3. The process of historical relexicalisation and delexicalisation -- 3.1 The 'terribly' group of words -- 3.2 The 'highly' group of words -- 4. Delexicalisation and shared meaning -- 5. The meaning of novelty -- 6. Syntactic changes -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Interpretative Nodes in Discourse Actual and Actually -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The adjective actual -- 1.1 The functions of adjectives -- 1.2 The specific features associated with 'actual' -- 1.2.1 The correlation between two elements -- 1.2.2 Other uses of 'actual' -- 1.2.3 The discourse angle -- 2. The adverb actually -- 2.1 The correlation between two elements -- 2.1.1 Repositioning the interpretative angle -- 2.1.2 Unexpectedness.

1.2.3 Self-correction, mitigation and challenge -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Who Can Make Nice A Better Word Than Pretty? Collocation, Translation, and Psycholinguistics -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 0.1 The relationship between intuition and data -- 0.2 Translation studies as a data resource for other disciplines -- 1. A case of conflicting intuitions -- 1.1 The data -- 1.2 Intuitions about the sentence -- 1.3 The sentence in the context of textual analysis -- 2. Collocational translational stylistics: an example -- 2.1 A story theme -- 2.2 The translation of adjectives -- 2.3 'Nydelig' and its co-textual context -- 3. Two types of translator -- 3.1 Translators' relationships with their languages -- 3.2 Intuition, exposure and psycholinguistics -- 4. The psycholinguistics of late bilingualism -- 4.1 Two views about the relationship between L1 and L2 acquisition -- 4.2 Differences between native and native-like speakers -- 4.3 Coppieter's study and the difference between two types of translator -- 4.4 The psycholinguistic explanation -- 4.5 The explanation for the discrepancy between intuitions and use -- 5. Towards an explication of speakers' gradual manipulation of the evidence -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix:Sources for the translations -- Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies Implications and Applications -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Translation studies: the state of the art -- 1.1 Central issues: the status of the source text and the notion of equivalence -- 1.2 Developments which support a move towards corpus-based research -- 1.2.1 New perspectives: poly system theory -- 1.2.2 From equivalence to norms -- 1.2.3 The rise of descriptive translation studies -- 2. Corpus work in translation studies: the potential -- 2.1 Universal features of translation.

2.2 Translational norms operating in a given socio-cultural context -- 2.3 Other issues for corpus research -- 3. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 3. Text and Technology: Computational Tools -- A Prototype Boundary Marker -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. Natural language parsing: the state of the art -- 2. The boundary marker: system overview -- 2.1 Text files -- 2.2 The dataset of word-class information -- 2.3 The lexicon of known words -- 2.4 The affix dataset -- 3. The boundary marker: program operation -- 3.1 Assigning boundaries -- 3.2 Program output -- 4. Evaluation of version 1 and development of version 2 of the program -- 4.1 The collocation dataset -- 4.2 The category dataset -- 4.3 The word dataset -- 4.4 The introduction of new boundaries -- 4.5 The introduction of rules -- 4.5.1 Verb group rules -- 4.5.2 Pronoun rules -- 4.5.3 Punctuation rules -- 4.5.4 Phrasal verbs -- 4.5.5 Postmodifying groups -- 4.5.6 Postmodifying clauses -- 4.5.7 Coordination -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- From Firth Principles Computational Tools for the Study of Collocation -- Abstract -- 0. Collocations and lexicography -- 1. The importance of computational methods -- 2. Two different tools for two different needs -- 3. The collocate program -- 4. Two measures of significance -- 5. Evaluating the output -- 6. Positional variation -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Statistical Methods and Large Corpora A New Tool for Describing Text Types -- Abstract -- 0. Introduction -- 1. The data for the current study -- 1.1. The corpus -- 1.2 The categories -- 2. Methodology and statistical technique -- 2.1 Basic procedures: lemmatising, disambiguating & adjusting figures -- 2.2 Hayashi's quantification method type III -- 3. Discussion of results -- 3.1 The distribution of corpora -- 3.2 The interpretation of the axes -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes.

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