Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation.
Title:
Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation.
Author:
Bretschneider, Franklin.
ISBN:
9780080462240
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (267 pages)
Contents:
Front cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- Preface -- 1 Electricity -- Electrical Quantities -- Electric Charge, Current and Potential -- Resistance -- Capacitance -- Magnetism -- Self-Inductance -- Direct and Alternating Current -- Frequency -- Reactance -- Current and Voltage Sources -- Components, Unwanted Properties -- Unwanted Properties, Impedance -- Cables -- Circuits, Schematics, Kirchoff's Laws -- Composition of Similar Components: Attenuators -- Practical Voltage Sources and Current Sources -- Voltage and Current Measurement -- Composition of Unequal Components: Filters -- Integration and Differentiation -- LC Filters -- 2 Electronics -- Active Elements -- Vacuum Tubes and Semiconductors -- Semiconductor Devices -- Diodes and Transistors -- Other Semiconductor Types -- Amplifiers, Gain, Decibels and Saturation -- Gain -- Bandwidth -- Input and Output Impedances -- Maximum Signal Strength, Distortion -- Noise, Hum Interference and Grounding -- Differential Amplifiers, Block Diagrams -- Operational Amplifiers, Feedback -- Electronic Filters -- Electrophysiological Preamplifiers -- Amplifier for Extracellular Recording -- Amplifier for Intracellular Recording -- Patch-Clamp Amplifier -- Two-Electrode Voltage-Clamp Amplifier -- Measurement of Membrane Capacitance in Voltage-Clamp -- Recording of Secretory Events -- Power Supplies and Signal Sources -- Electronic Voltmeters -- Electrometers -- The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope -- LCD Screen Oscilloscopes -- Important Properties of Oscilloscopes -- Digital Electronics, Logic -- A/D and D/A Conversions -- Computers -- 3 Electrochemistry -- Introduction, Properties of Electrolytes -- Electrolytes -- The Metal/Electrolyte Interface -- Capacitance of Polarized Electrodes -- Faradaic Processes -- Practical Electrodes -- Electrochemical Cells, Measuring Electrodes.
The Silver/Silver Chloride Electrode -- Non-Faradaic Processes -- Electrokinetic Processes -- Liquid Junction Potentials -- Membrane Potentials -- Derivation of the Equilibrium Potential -- The Reversal Potential -- Ion Selectivity -- Electrodes Sensitive to pH and Other Ions -- Electrodes: Practical Aspects -- The Glass Micropipette -- Patch Electrodes -- The Semi-Permeable Patch -- Ground Electrodes -- Volume Conduction: Electric Fields in Electrolyte Solutions -- Homogeneous Electric Field -- Monopole Field -- Dipole Field -- 4 Signal Analysis -- Introduction -- Analysis of Analogue Potentials -- Systems Analysis -- Convolution -- The Laplace Transform -- The Fourier Transform -- Odd and Even Functions -- Linearity -- Analogue-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analogue Conversions -- Signal Windowing -- Digital Signal Processing -- Signal Averaging -- Autocorrelation -- Crosscorrelation -- The Discrete Fourier Transform -- The Detection of Signals of Known Shape -- Digital Filters -- Fourier Filters and Non-Causal Filters -- Non-Linear Systems Analysis -- The Formal Method: Wiener Kernel Analysis -- The Informal Method: Output Shape Analysis -- The Importance of Non-Linearity -- Analysis of Action Potential Signals -- Population Spike and Gross Activity -- Recording from the Skin Surface -- The Electrocardiogram -- The Electroencephalogram -- Other Surface Recording Techniques -- Single-Unit Activity -- Uncertainty and Ambiguity in Spike Series -- Interval Histogram -- Poisson Processes -- The Gamma Distribution -- The Mathematics of Random Point Processes -- Markov Chains -- Time Series Analysis: Spike Rate, Interval Series and Instantaneous Frequency -- Spike Frequency or Rate -- Interval Series and Instantaneous Frequency -- Dot Display -- Stimulus-Response Characteristics: The PSTH -- Analysis of Nerve Membrane Data.
Terminology: The Hodgkin and Huxley Channel -- Analysis of Macroscopic (Whole-Cell) Currents -- The Current to Voltage (I/V) Curve -- Leak Subtraction by Extrapolation -- Leak Subtraction by Prepulses: The P/N Method -- Noise Analysis: Estimating the Single-Channel Conductance from Whole-Cell or Large Patch Recordings -- Noise Analysis: Estimating Channel Kinetics -- Analysis of Microscopic (Unitary) Currents -- Estimation of the unitary current -- Detection of opening and closing events -- Estimation of the number of channels in the patch -- Measurement of dwell times -- Calculating Dwell Time Histograms from Markov Chains -- The First Latency Distribution -- The Closed Time Distribution -- The Open Time Distribution -- The Macroscopic Current -- Example: Simulation of the Hodgkin and Huxley Voltage-Dependent Sodium Channel -- Appendices -- A: Symbols, Abbreviations and Codes -- Symbols -- Abbreviations -- Decimal Multipliers -- Colour Code for Resistors -- B: Symbols for Circuit Diagrams -- C: Electrical Safety in Electrophysiological Set-Ups -- Regular Instruments -- Medical Instruments -- D: The Use of CRT Monitors in Visual Experiments -- Image Generation in CRT Monitors -- Frame Rates and Interlacing -- The Video Signal -- The Use of CRT Monitors in Electrophysiology -- Contrast, Gamma and Other Brightness Issues -- Colour Coding -- Geometry -- Timing -- Spatial and Brightness Resolution -- E: Complex Numbers and Complex Frequency -- The Meaning of Complex Frequency -- F: The Mathematics of Markov Chains -- G: Recursive (Non-Causal) Filters -- H: Pseudocode to Calculate the Macroscopic Current and Dwell Time Distributions from a Transition Matrix -- I: Referred and Recommended Literature -- Electricity and Electronics -- Electrochemistry -- Neurophysiology -- Recording Methods -- Signal Analysis -- Mathematics -- Index.
Abstract:
Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation covers all topics of interest to electrophysiologists, neuroscientists and neurophysiologists, from the reliable penetration of cells, the behaviour and function of the equipment, to the mathematical tools available for analysing data. It discusses the pros and cons of techniques and methods used in electrophysiology and how to avoid their pitfalls. Particularly in an era where high quality off-the-shelf solutions are readily available, it is important for the electrophysiologist to understand how his or her equipment manages the acquisitions and analysis of low voltage biological signals. Introduction to Electrophysiological Methods and Instrumentation addresses this need. The book presents the basics of the passive and active electronic components and circuitry used in apparatuses such as (voltage-clamp) amplifiers, addressing the strong points of modern semiconductors as well as the limitations inherent to even the highest-tech equipment. It concisely describes the theoretical background of the biological phenomena. The book includes a very useful tutorial in electronics, which will introduce students and physiologists to the important basics of electronic engineering needed to understand the function of electrophysiological setups. The vast terrain of signal analysis is dealt with in a way that is valuable to both the uninitiated and the expert. For example, the utility of convolutions and (Fourier, Pascal) transformations in signal detection, conditioning and analysis is presented both in an easy to grasp graphical form as well as in a more rigorous mathematical way. * Introduces possibilities and solutions, along with the problems, pitfalls, and artifacts of equipment and electrodes * Presents the fundamentals of signal processing of analog signals, spike trains and single
channel recordings as well as procedures for signal recording and processing * Includes appendices on electrical safety, on the use of CRT monitors in research and foundations of some of the mathematical tools used.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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