Achieving Interoperability in Critical IT and Communication Systems -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Interoperability Defined -- 1.1 Real Interoperability -- 1.2 Definition and Vision -- 1.3 Planning Elements of Interoperable IT and Communication Systems -- 1.4 Holistic Interoperability -- References -- Chapter 2 Pearl Harbor, 9/11, and Katrina: Same Lessons Not Yet Learned -- 2.1 Now and Then: Enduring Failure -- 2.1.1 Totsugeki Raigeki (TO-RA) -- 2.1.2 The Environment -- 2.2 Failed Interoperability -- 2.2.1 Failure of Organization -- 2.2.2 Failure of Assumption -- 2.2.3 Failure of Omission -- 2.2.4 Failure of Verification -- 2.2.5 Failure of Supervision -- 2.2.6 Failure of Alertness -- 2.2.7 Failure of Complacency -- 2.2.8 Failure of Intelligence -- 2.2.9 Failure of Attitude -- 2.2.10 Failure of Imagination -- 2.2.11 Failure of Communications -- 2.2.12 Failure of Paraphrase -- 2.2.13 Failure of Adaptability -- 2.2.14 Failure of Disclosure -- 2.2.15 Failure of Insight -- 2.2.16 Failure of Dissemination -- 2.2.17 Failure of Inspection -- 2.2.18 Failure of Preparedness -- 2.2.19 Failure of Consistency -- 2.2.20 Failure of Jealousy -- 2.2.21 Failure of Relationships -- 2.2.22 Failure of Priority -- 2.2.23 Failure of Reporting -- 2.2.24 Failure of Improvement -- 2.2.25 Failure of Delegation -- 2.3 Pearl Harbor Interoperability Analysis -- 2.4 Lessons Taught-Not Learned -- 2.4.1 Deficiency Mapping: From Pearl Harbor to 9/11 and Katrina -- 2.4.2 Pearl Harbor Failures Revisited for 9/11 and Katrina -- 2.5 Leadership Failures and the Need for Holistic Interoperability -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 3 World Interoperability Failure Model -- 3.1 The Cause -- 3.2 Responder-Receivers Organizations in the Failure Model.

3.2.1 Public Safety, Emergency Response, and Other Stakeholder Disciplines -- 3.2.2 IT and Communication Systems -- 3.3 Governance Layers in the Failure Model -- 3.4 Other Deterrents to Interoperability -- 3.4.1 Bureaucracies in the Failure Model -- 3.4.2 Consultants in the Failure Model -- 3.4.3 Vendors in the Failure Model -- 3.5 The Interoperability Assessment Checklist -- 3.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Best Practices for Achieving Interoperability -- 4.1 Overview of Best Practices -- 4.2 Program and Project Management -- 4.2.1 Definitions -- 4.2.2 Overview of the Project Management Institute Approach -- 4.2.3 Tailoring Guidance -- 4.2.4 Application of Project Management Best Practices to the Interoperability Failure Model -- 4.3 Organizational Development -- 4.3.1 Overview -- 4.3.2 Organizational Structure -- 4.3.3 Organizational Change Management and Strategic Communications -- 4.4 Strategic Planning -- 4.4.1 Overview -- 4.4.2 What is Strategic Planning? -- 4.4.3 Methodology -- 4.5 Enterprise Architecture -- 4.5.1 Overview -- 4.5.2 Considerations in the Use of Enterprise Architecture -- 4.5.3 Approach to Enterprise Architecture -- 4.5.4 Determining Purpose and Scope of the Enterprise Architecture -- 4.5.5 Architectural Views -- 4.5.6 Interoperability Enterprise Architecture Views and the World Interoperability Failure Model -- 4.6 Business Case Analysis -- 4.6.1 Overview -- 4.6.2 Methodology -- 4.6.3 Impact of Business Case Analysis Practice on the World Interoperability Failure Model -- 4.7 Funding -- 4.7.1 Overview -- 4.7.2 Funding Sources -- 4.8 Systems Engineering -- 4.8.1 Overview -- 4.8.2 Definition and Process Attributes -- 4.8.3 Process Description -- 4.8.4 Systems Engineering Management -- 4.8.5 Interoperability Deficiencies -- 4.9 Standards Development for Interoperability -- 4.9.1 Consensus Standards.

4.9.2 Directed Standards -- 4.9.3 Types of Standards -- 4.9.4 Participation -- 4.10 Integrated Best Practices for the Interoperability Success Plan -- References -- Chapter 5 Operational Architecture -- 5.1 Interoperability Architecture -- 5.1.1 Integrated Architecture -- 5.1.2 Composite Architecture -- 5.1.3 Aligned and Federated Architecture -- 5.2 The Operations Center -- 5.3 The Observe-Orient-Decide-Act Loop -- 5.3.1 Observe -- 5.3.2 Orient -- 5.3.3 Decide -- 5.3.4 Act -- 5.3.5 Dynamic Decision Model -- 5.4 Concept of Operations -- 5.5 Standard Operating Procedures -- 5.5.1 Definition -- 5.5.2 Needs Assessment -- 5.5.3 Developing Standard Operating Procedures -- 5.6 Emergency Response Frameworks -- 5.6.1 The Resilience Framework in the United Kingdom -- 5.6.2 Framework in the United States -- 5.6.3 Assessment of Emergency Frameworks -- 5.7 Architecture-Centric Engineering -- 5.7.1 Problem -- 5.7.2 Innovative Approach -- 5.7.3 Modeling and Simulation -- 5.7.4 Experimentation -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- Chapter 6 Interoperability System Architecture -- 6.1 Interoperability Architecture and IT/Communications Systems -- 6.1.1 Information Sharing and Application Architecture -- 6.1.2 Interoperability System Architecture -- 6.1.3 Information-Sharing System Architecture -- 6.2 OPCEN System Architecture -- 6.3 Backbone-Supported Interoperability -- 6.3.1 Interoperable RF Systems -- 6.3.2 Shared Sensor Data -- 6.3.3 Shared Situational Awareness and Command Coordination -- 6.3.4 Shared Databases -- 6.3.5 Shared Intelligence -- 6.3.6 Shared Alert and Warning Information -- 6.3.7 Shared/Backup Public Safety Answering Point -- 6.3.8 Service-Oriented Architecture with Orchestration -- 6.4 RF Interoperability -- 6.4.1 Visiting Mobile Affiliation -- 6.4.2 Home Infrastructure Accommodation -- 6.4.3 Third-Party Network or Parallel Network Affiliation.

6.4.4 Shared Systems -- 6.5 Summary -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 7 Achieving Interoperability -- 7.1 Summary of the Interoperability Problem -- 7.1.1 Failure of Existing Frameworks -- 7.1.2 Failure to Promote Interoperability -- 7.2 Best Practices Determine Interoperability Planning Success Factors -- 7.3 Application to the World Interoperability Failure Model -- 7.4 The Work Plan -- 7.4.1 Staffing Plan -- 7.4.2 Task Plan -- 7.4.3 Resource Plan -- 7.5 Success Planning Factors -- 7.5.1 Governance -- 7.5.2 Resources -- 7.5.3 Approach -- 7.5.4 Architecture -- 7.5.5 Performance -- 7.5.6 Acceptance -- 7.6 Contributing to the World Interoperability Success Plan -- 7.6.1 National Governance Level -- 7.6.2 1st and 2nd Governance Levels -- 7.6.3 Local Level -- 7.6.4 Multinational Level -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Emerging Capabilities -- 8.1 The Emergent Information-Sharing Environment -- 8.1.1 The Information-Sharing Environment and the Growth of Fusion Centers -- 8.1.2 Integrated Justice Information Systems -- 8.1.3 Global Justice Information-Sharing Initiative -- 8.1.4 National Information Exchange Model -- 8.1.5 Global Public Health Information Exchange -- 8.1.6 Geospatial Data Standards -- 8.1.7 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards -- 8.1.8 Common Alerting Protocol -- 8.1.9 Summary -- 8.2 Emerging IT Capabilities to Mitigate Deficiencies -- 8.2.1 Beyond "Publish and Subscribe" to "Sense and Respond" -- 8.2.2 Advanced Incident Management -- 8.3 Emerging Communications Capabilities to Mitigate Deficiencies -- 8.3.1 Interoperability for Push-to-Talk Wireless Communications -- 8.3.2 Netcentric Tactical Communication Architecture -- 8.4 Summary -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Acronyms -- Glossary -- About the Authors -- About the Contributors -- Index.