NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Table of contents -- MAP -- ABBREVIATIONS & GLOSSARY -- INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION SYMBOLS AND DIACRITICS -- 1 NEW ZEALAND AND NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH -- 1 The external history of New Zealand English -- 2. English and other languages in New Zealand society -- 3. Linguistics in New Zealand -- 4. NZE: from prescription to description -- 5. The study of New Zealand English -- 6. The approach of this book -- 2 HANDLING NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH LEXIS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. What are New Zealandisms? -- 3. Towards a typology of New Zealandisms -- 3.1 A proposed basic typology of NZE lexis -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 THE DIALECTAL ORIGINS OF NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Sources of data -- 3.2 Weaknesses of the data -- 4. Results and discussion -- 4.1 Results by period -- 4.2 Scotland and Ireland -- 4.3 The Australian connection -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- 4 'NO-ONE SOUNDS LIKE US?' A COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND AND OTHER SOUTHERNHEMISPHERE ENGLISHES -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The New Zealand English consonant system -- 2.2 Wine ν.s whine -- 2.3 Yod-dropping -- 2.4/l/ -- 3. The New Zealand English vowel system -- 3.1 Phonetic aspects of the NZE vowel system -- 3.2 Long vowels and diphthongs -- 3.2.1 Long monophthongs -- 3.2.2 Diphthongs -- 3.3 Short vowels -- 4. Conclusion and further research -- 5 NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH ACROSS THEGENERATIONS: AN ANALYSIS OF SELECTEDVOWEL AND CONSONANT VARIABLES1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. New Zealand English: a brief summary -- 3. Linguistic variables -- 3.1 MOUTH -- 3.2 The short front vowels -- 3.2.1 TRAP -- 3.2.2 vRESS -- 3.2.3 KIT -- 3.3 The witch/which distinction -- 3.4 Τ voicing -- 4 Method -- 4.1 The speech community -- 4.2 Speakers -- 4.2.1 Mary -- 4.2.2 Florence -- 4.2.3 Louise.

4.2.4 Sarah -- 4.3 Procedures -- 4.4 Analysis -- 5 Results and discussion -- 5.1 MOUTH -- 5.1.1 Patterns of change -- 5.1.2 Use across the generations -- 5.1.3 Summary and discussion -- 5.2 The front short vowels: patterns of change -- 5.2.2 Use across the generations -- 5.2.3 Summary and discussion -- 5.3 The witch/which distinction -- 5.3.1 Patterns of change -- 5.3.2 Use across the generations -- 5.3.3 Summary and discussion -- 5.4 Τ voicing -- 5.4.1 Patterns of change -- 5.4.2 Use across the generations -- 5.4.3 Summary and discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Notes -- 6 THE APPARENT MERGER OF THE FRONT CENTRING DIPHTHONGS - EAR AND AIR - IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH1 -- 1. Background -- 2. Previous studies -- 3. The Auckland sample and interview -- 4. Transcription and identification of conservative values -- 5. Corpus of tokens -- 6. Analysis of AIR in Auckland -- 7. Analysis of EAR in Auckland -- 8. Studies compared: Dunedin, Christchurch, Wellington and Auckland -- 8.1 Auckland and Dunedin -- 8.3 Auckland and Wellington -- 9. Conclusion -- Notes -- 7 INTONATIONAND PROSODY IN NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stress and rhythmic structure -- 2.1 Lexical stress placement -- 2.2 Full Vowels for reduced -- 2.3 Rhythm: stress- vs syllable-timing -- 2.4 Conclusion -- 3. High Rising Terminals -- 3.1 Social dialectological evidence -- 3.2 Discourse evidence -- 3.3 The function of HRTs -- 3.4 The relationship between the function and distribution of HRTs -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- 8. VARIATION IN NEWZEALAND ENGLISH SYNTAX AND MORPHOLOGY -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Verbal morphology -- 2.1 Preterites of irregular verbs with stem vowel changes -- 2.2 Linguistic factors affecting preterite variation in verbs with stem vowel change -- 2.3 -t vs. -ed in preterites, participles, and deverbal adjectives.

2.4 Linguistic factors influencing variation in stem+t/ed forms -- 2.5 -en in past and passive participles and deverbal adjectives -- 3. HAVE -- 3.1 Variation in the syntactic properties of HAVE (got) -- 3.2 Variation in the syntactic properties of HAVE (got) to -- 3.3 HAVE deletion before verbs other than got -- 3.4 Counterfactual HAVE -- 4. Marginal modals -- 4.1 Need -- 4.2 Dare -- 4.3 Ought (to) -- 4.4 Use(d) to -- 5. Other areas of grammatical variation in NZE -- 5.1 BE deletion in progressives -- 5.2 The pronominal paradigm -- 5.3 Comparison of adjectives -- 5.4 Negative concord -- 5.5 Subjunctive versus indicative in mandative contexts -- 5.6 Variation in the aspectual system of NZE -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- 9. As far as ANALYSING GRAMMATICALVARIATION AND CHANGE IN NEW ZEALANDENGLISH WITH VERY FEW TOKENS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. How many tokens are enough? -- 3. As far as constructions in English -- 4. Analysis of data -- 5. Results -- 5.1. Contextual constraints -- 5.1.1 Channel -- 5.1.2 Formality -- 5.2. Social constraints -- 5.2.1 Age -- 5.2.2 Ethnicity and Sex -- 5.2.3 Educational achievement -- 5.3 Linguistic constraints -- 6. Discussion -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- 10. MAORI AND PAKEHA ENGLISH: A CASE STUDY1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Method -- 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Analysis -- 3. Discourse features -- 3.1 Discourse particle EH -- 3.2 High Rising Terminal intonation -- 3.3 Discourse particle Y'KNOW -- 3.4 TAG questions -- 4. Morphosyntactic features -- 4.1 HAVE deletion -- 4.2 THERE'S + plural complement -- 5. Consonants -- 5.1 ING reduction: [n] for /η/ -- 5.2 Initial Τ non-aspiration: [t] not [th] for /t/ -- 5.3 Final Ζ devoicing: [s] or for /z/ -- 5.4 TH affrication or stopping: [tθ] or [t] for /θ/ -- 5.5 DH affrication or stopping: [dð] or [d] for /ð/ -- 6. Vowels -- 6.1 I decentralization: [i] or [I] for /I/.

6.2 U fronting: [y] or [ ] for /u/ -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- 11. TALKING MAORI OR PAKEHA IN ENGLISH: SIGNALLING IDENTITY IN DISCOURSE1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discourse characteristics of Maori and Pakeha English -- 2.1 Pragmatic devices -- 2.2 Borrowing and code switching -- 2.3 Verbal feedback, pauses and silence -- 2.4 Narrative structure -- 2.5 Humour -- 2.6 Style shifting -- 3. Qualitative analysis -- 3.1 The data -- 3.2 Analysing the data -- 4. Conclusion -- Notes -- 12. 'A DEEP DEPRESSION COVERS THE SOUTH TASMAN SEA': NEW ZEALAND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE WEATHER FORECASTS -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The structural properties of Met. Office forecasts -- 2.1 Synoptic Situation -- 2.2 District Forecasts -- 2.3 Summary - National Radio forecasts -- 3. Weather forecasting as a scripted formulaic register -- Notes -- 13. THE CULTURAL CRINGE RE VISITED: CHANGES THROUGH TIME INKIWI ATTITUDES TOWARD ACCENTS1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous accent evaluation studies -- 2.1 Early studies -- 2.2 The Dunedin experiments -- 3. Conclusions from the 1986 university studyand goals of the present research -- 4. The 1996-97 experiments: methods -- 5. The 1996-97 experiments: results -- 5.1 Identification of speaker's nationality and class -- 5.2. Contrasts in overall trait means, 1986 vs. 1996-97 -- 5.3. Factor analyses of trait means -- 5.4 Factor analyses of trait means by gender -- 6. Conclusions -- 6.1 The cultural cringe today -- 6.2 The cringe and the media -- 6.3 The future -- Notes -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- NOTES ON THE CONTRIBUTORS -- INDEX.