World Englishes - Problems, Properties and Prospects -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Series editor's preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- References -- 1. Focus on -- Deracialising the GOOSE vowel in South African English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Middle class formation -- 3. Popular awareness of accelerated language change -- 4. Sociolinguistic frameworks for analysing class formation -- 5. The sample and methods -- 6. Comparing GOOSE in four groups of young middle class female speech -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Codifying Ghanaian English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The English language in Ghana -- 3. Review of relevant literature -- 4. Codification of Ghanaian English: Problems and challenges -- 5. Codifying Ghanaian English: Prospects -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Corpus linguistics meets sociolinguistics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. ICE Jamaica: Potential and limitations of corpus-based sociolinguistics -- 3. "Too much person?" Person / people as a sociolinguistic marker in Jamaican English -- 4. Main-clause order in wh-questions -- 5. The modals of obligation and necessity -- 6. Contractions -- 7. "New quotatives" in Jamaican English and the globalisation of vernacular features -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Rhoticity in educated Jamaican English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Material and selection of speakers -- 2.2 Analysis procedures -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Overall degree of rhoticity -- 3.2 Inter- and intra-speaker variation -- 3.3 Factors influencing rhoticity -- 3.4 Individual factors -- 3.4.1 Text category -- 3.4.2 Preceding vowel -- 3.4.3 Following consonant -- 3.4.4 Position and following pause -- 3.4.5 Text frequency of tokens -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Standard English in the secondary school in Trinidad -- 1. Introduction.

2. Language and language-in-education in Trinidad -- 3. The data -- 4. Analysis of classroom speech -- 4.1 Teachers' speech -- 4.1.1 Introductory example -- 4.1.2 Tense / aspect marking: Habitual does, progressives, past tense -- 4.1.3 Modal verb usage: Can and could -- 4.1.4 Second person plural pronouns -- 4.1.5 Concluding remarks on teachers' speech -- 4.2 Students' speech -- 4.2.1 Tense / aspect marking: Habitual does, progressives, past tense -- 4.2.2 Illustrative examples -- 4.2.3 Concluding remarks on students' speech -- 5. The teacher survey -- 5.1 Reports on teachers' speech and teachers' language attitudes -- 5.2 Observations on students' speech and language attitudes -- 5.3 Concluding remarks on the survey results -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Australian English as a regional epicenter -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The semantics of epicenter -- 3. Parallel evolution of Australian English and New Zealand English, and shared lexical innovations -- 4. Morphological innovations found in Australian English and New Zealand English -- 5. Shared syntactic characteristics of Australian English and New Zealand English -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Dictionaries referred to -- Other references -- Finding one's own vowel space -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Motivations for study -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1 Speakers -- 3.2 Recording and preparation of files -- 3.3 Labelling -- 3.4 Dataset -- 3.5 Analysis -- 4. Results -- 4.1 Monophthongs -- 4.2 Diphthongs -- 4.3 Comparison of acoustic vs. impressionistic results -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Language in Hong Kong -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Official languages -- 3. Language and identity: On being a Hong Konger -- 4. Medium of instruction -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- The roles of English in Southeast Asian legal systems -- 1. Aims and scope -- 2. Predominantly English systems.

2.1 Singapore -- 2.2 Brunei -- 2.3 The Philippines -- 3. Bilingual systems -- 3.1 Malaysia -- 3.2 Myanmar/Burma -- 3.3 Hong Kong -- 4. The expanding role of English in non-English legal systems -- 4.1 Thailand -- 4.2 Macau -- 4.3 Indonesia -- 4.4 Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam -- 5. More English? More bilingualism? Or both? -- Cases cited -- Interviews and personal correspondence -- References -- Not just an Outer Circle, Asian English -- 1. Problems -- 2. Properties -- 2.1 One structural property of Singapore English -- 2.2 Some properties of the ecology -- 2.2.1 The age of the original immigrant substrates: Pre-colony (pre-1800s) through post-independence (mid-1970s) -- 2.2.2 The age of the official languages: Mid-1970s - present. -- 2.2.3 The age of the global media languages: Late 1980s - present -- 2.3 Linguistic properties of the substrates -- 2.4 Properties of sociohistory -- 3. Prospects -- 3.1 On the significance of ecology -- 3.2 On New Englishes -- References -- "Where's the party yaar!"* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discourse markers: Overview -- 2.1 General: Terminology and definitions -- 2.2 A paradigm case: Singapore English -- 3. Discourse markers in Indian English -- 3.1 No/na -- 3.2 Yaar -- 3.2.1 The meaning of yaar -- 3.2.2 Yaar: Sociolinguistic survey -- 4. Borrowing of discourse markers -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Innovation in second language phonology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. "Innovative" linguistic features in L2 -- 3. Innovative phonological features in HKE -- 3.1 Diphthong reduction -- 3.2 "Raising" of /ai/ -- 3.3 "Splitting" of the phoneme /v/ -- 3.4 [l] ~ [n] alternation -- 3.5 Elision of the [w] glide -- 4. Innovative features in other varieties of English -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Intelligibility assessment of Japanese accents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous studies.

2.1 Studies of Japanese-influenced English intelligibility -- 2.2 Jenkins' Lingua Franca Core and non-core -- 3. Investigation -- 3.1 Procedures, participants and recordings -- 3.2 Transcription test and intelligibility evaluation -- 4. Results and discussions -- 4.1 Analysis of misperceived words and word sequences -- 4.1.1 Misperceived words and word sequences -- 4.1.2 Error type analysis -- 4.1.3 Consonants as causes of misunderstandings -- 4.1.4 Mispronounced but understood words -- 4.2 Intelligibility of each passage and supra-segmental features -- 4.2.1 Intelligibility of each passage -- 4.2.2 Supra-segmental features and intelligibility -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- 2. The global perspective -- World Englishes between simplification and complexification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of complexity and data -- 2.1 Complexity -- 2.2 Data -- 3. Complexity in survey data -- 4. Complexity in naturalistic corpus data -- 5. Conclusions and outlook -- References -- Global feature - local norms? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Norms and "global" English -- 3. Case study: The progressive passive -- 4. Glocalisation in the use of the progressive passive -- 4.1 Retrieval - the case of localized variants -- 4.2 Results -- 4.2.1 Overall frequencies -- 4.2.2 Usage across medium and text type -- 4.2.3 Tense and the progressive passive -- 4.2.4 Construction-internal variation -- 4.2.5 Variation with alternative patterns -- 4.2.6 Progressive passives as an Outer Circle characteristic -- 5. Summary and conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- The shared core of the perfect across Englishes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology and approach -- 3. Quantitative results -- 4. The meanings of the perfect in the data -- 4.1 Non-continuative uses of the perfect aspect -- 4.2 Continuative uses of the perfect aspect -- 5. Conclusions -- References.

Word-formation in New Englishes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1 Corpus material -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Tests -- 3. Compounding -- 4. Conversion -- 5. Affixation -- 6. Gender-marking morphology -- 7. Summary: Quantitative and qualitative results -- References -- The indigenization of English in North America -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Working assumptions -- 3. "Native Englishes" of North America as indigenized varieties -- 4. Conclusion: The Americanization of English as indigenization -- References -- Perspectives on English as a lingua franca -- 1. Lingua franca: Form or function? (Margie Berns) -- 2. English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes (Jennifer Jenkins) -- 2.1 English as a lingua franca and World Englishes -- 2.2 Two positions on ELF -- 2.2.1 Underlying attitudes -- 2.2.2 Potential effects of English accent attitudes on ELF speakers' identities -- 3. Inclusive / Exclusive? English as a lingua franca in the European Union (Marko Modiano) -- 4. World Englishes and English as a lingua franca: Two frameworks or one? (Barbara Seidlhofer) -- 5. The Future of English and the Kachruvian Three Circle Model (Yasukata Yano) -- 5.1 The Kachruvian Three Circle Model challenged -- 5.2 The future of English -- 5.3 Two-dimensional Model to Three-dimensional Model -- References -- A discourse-historical approach to the English native speaker -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Of native speakers, native languages, and native philology: Marsh's Columbia address (1859) -- 3. Of native speakers and "more native speakers": Whitney (1875) and Wyld (1969 [1906], 1907) -- 4. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- World Englishes and Peace Sociolinguistics -- 1. Peace -- 2. Peace Studies -- 3. Peace Linguistics and Peace Socolinguistics -- 4. Critical Applied Linguistics -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- New voices in the canon.

1. Introduction.