Environmental Neurotoxicology -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM -- NEUROTOXICITY TESTING -- SURVEILLANCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY -- NEUROTOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT -- 1 Introduction: Defining the Problem of Neurotoxicity -- NEUROLOGIC RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICANTS -- MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM OF NEUROTOXICITY -- DETECTION AND CONTROL OF EXPOSURE TO NEUROTOXICANTS -- SCOPE OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Biologic Basis of Neurotoxicity -- CELLULAR ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- Structure of the Neuron -- The Nerve Impulse -- Synaptic Transmission -- Synaptic Messengers -- GENERAL ASPECTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION -- Metabolism -- Blood-Brain Barrier -- Development -- Plasticity -- Trophic Interactions -- VULNERABILITY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM TO CHEMICAL TOXICANTS -- Complexity of Structural and Functional Integration -- Limitations on Repair -- Accessibility to Lipid-Soluble Toxicants -- Dependence on Glucose -- Axonal Transport -- Synaptic Transmission -- Ion Channels -- EXAMPLES OF NEUROTOXIC MECHANISMS -- Pyrethroids -- γ-Diketones -- MPTP -- SUMMARY -- 3 Biologic Markers in Neurotoxicology -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- Biologic Markers of Exposure -- Biologic Markers of Effect -- Biologic Markers of Susceptibility -- VALIDATION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS -- USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- SUMMARY -- 4 Testing for Neurotoxicity -- APPROACH TO NEUROTOXICITY TESTING -- Difficulties in Neurotoxicity Testing -- The Testing Strategy -- Characteristics of Tests Useful for Screening -- Application of the Screen and Later Tiers -- CURRENT METHODS BASED ON STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS -- CURRENT IN VITRO PROCEDURES -- Biochemical Assays -- Tissue Culture -- Plausibility of an In Vitro Screening Battery.

CURRENT IN VIVO PROCEDURES -- Behavioral Assessment -- Functional Observational Batteries -- Motor Activity -- Schedule-Controlled Operant Behavior -- Specialized Tests of Neurologic Function -- Motor Function -- Sensory Function -- Learning and Memory -- Neurophysiologic Procedures -- Nerve-Conduction Studies -- Sensory Evoked Potentials -- Electroencephalography -- Neurochemical Procedures -- Neuroendocrine Interactions -- Neuropathology -- Imaging Procedures -- Modifying Variables -- Age at Exposure -- Age at Testing -- Sex -- Genetic Differences -- CURRENT REGULATORY APPROACHES -- STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVED NEUROTOXICITY TESTING -- Screening -- Validation -- Priority-Setting and Implementation -- Research Needs -- 5 Surveillance to Prevent Neurotoxicity in Humans -- Need for Surveillance -- NEUROBEHAVIOURAL TEST BATTERIES -- CURRENT EXPOSURE SURVEILLANCE EFFORTS -- CURRENT DISEASE-SURVEILLANCE EFFORTS -- 6 Risk Assessment -- APPROACHES TO RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NEUROTOXICITY -- CURVE-FITTING IN RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NEUROTOXICITY -- MECHANISTIC MODELS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NEUROTOXICITY -- SUMMARY -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Index.