GENOME INSTABILITY AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS -- GENOME INSTABILITY AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS -- LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF TRANSGENERATIONAL CHANGES IN GENOME STABILITY: AN OVERVIEW -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS ENSURING STABILITY OF MAMMALIAN GENOMES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GENETIC MECHANISMS OF GENOME STABILITY -- Direct Reversal of Damage -- Base Excision Repair -- Nucleotide Excision Repair -- Mismatch Repair -- Repair of DNA Strand Breaks by Homologous Recombination -- Non-Homologous End Joining -- Cell Cycle Checkpoints -- EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENOMIC STABILITY -- DNA Methylation -- Histone Modifications -- Short RNA-Mediated Silencing -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF GENOME STABILITY IN PLANTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS THAT AFFECT GENOME STABILITY -- 1.1. Reactive Oxygen Species Challenge DNA the Repair Machinery and Decrease Genome Stability -- 1.2. The Choice of DNA Repair Pathway May Regulate Plant Genome Stability -- 1.3. The Importance of Plant Genome Plasticity for Stress Tolerance and Genome Evolution -- 2. MECHANISMS AND FUNCTIONS OF EPIGENETIC REGULATIONS IN THE PLANT GENOME -- 2.1. DNA Methylation Is a Critical Component in the System of Epigenetic Modifications in Plants -- 2.2. Histone Modifications and DNA Methylation Are Interdependent -- 2.3. Chromatin Remodeling Shapes Chromatin Structure and Complements DNA and Histone Modifications -- 3. EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS - A STRESS-RESPONSIVE MECHANISM CONTROLLING GENE REGULATION AND GENOME STABILITY -- 3.1. Effects of Stress on Epigenetic Regulations -- 3.2. Small RNAs May Direct Epigenetic Modifications to a Specific Genomic Locus.

3.2.1. The Complexity and Functional Redundancy of smRNA Biogenesis Pathways in Arabidopsis -- 3.2.2. Mechanisms of smRNA-Directed Epigenetic Regulations -- 3.2.3. Small RNA Biogenesis is a Sensitive Stress-Responsive System -- 4. INDUCIBLE EPIGENETIC CHANGES MAY CHANGE GENOME STABILITY AND GUIDE GENOME EVOLUTION -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 EVOLUTION OF THE FPG/NEI FAMILY OF DNA GLYCOSYLASES -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS -- EVENTS IN THE FPG/NEI PHYLOGENY -- Horizontal Transfer -- Changes in Substrate Specificity -- Changes in the Structural Zinc-Finger Motif -- Expansion within the Actinobacteria -- THE ENZYMATIC FUNCTION OF THE FPG2 GLADE REMAINS UNKNOWN -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 STRESS-INDUCED MUTAGENESIS IN BACTERIA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- STRESSFUL (MUTAGENIC) FACTORS -- STRESS RESPONSE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS DNA-DAMAGING AGENTS -- TRANSLESION DNA SYNTHESIS -- THE GENERAL STRESS RESPONSE -- THE HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE -- THE STRINGENT RESPONSE -- NUTRITIONAL STRESS AND ADAPTIVE MUTATION -- Hypermutations -- RDM and ADM -- MUTAGENESIS IN AGING COLONIES (MAC) -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 CLUSTERED REGULARLY INTERSPACED SHORT PALINDROMIC REPEATS (CRISPR) LOCI AS AN EXAMPLE OF BACTERIAL ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY AGAINST PHAGES -- ABSTRACT -- VARIOUS GROUPS OF REGULATORY RNAS IN PROKARYOTES -- THE ROLE OF CRISPR LOCI IN PROTECTION AGAINST PHAGES -- THE PROPOSED FUNCTION OF CRISPR LOCI -- INCORPORATION OF NEW SEQUENCES INTO CRISPR LOCI -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 WHITE TAIL TIP INHERITANCE IN MICE: FROM THE "KIT LOCUS" TO A NEW MODE OF HEREDITY -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW -- PHENOTYPIC DESCRIPTION OF EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE FROM KIT PARAMUTANTS -- FLEXIBLE PHENOTYPIC EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE.

RNAS ARE INVOLVED IN PHENOTYPIC EPIGENETIC INHERITANCE -- CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 ROLE OF EPIGENETIC CHANGES IN THE NON-TARGETED RADIATION-INDUCED EFFECTS: UNDERSTANDING THE EPIGENETICS OF BYSTANDER AND TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BYSTANDER EFFECTS -- TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS -- EPIGENETICS -- BYSTANDER EPIGENETICS -- EPIGENETICS OF TRANSGENERATIONAL EFFECTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 A REVIEW OF TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES: MARKERS OF GENETIC INSTABILITY -- ABSTRACT -- OVERVIEW: CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT -- CLASSES OF TANDEMLY REPETITIVE DNA IN MUTATION DETECTION ANALYSIS -- Minisatellites/VNTRs -- Expanded Simple Tandem Repeats -- MECHANISMS OF DNA MUTATION -- Minisatellites/VNTRs -- ESTRs -- Induced Mutations Are Likely to Be Indirect -- TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING TANDEM REPEAT MUTATION -- Multi-Locus DNA Fingerprinting -- Polymerase Chain Reaction Approaches (Single Molecule PCR and Small Pool PCR) -- Induced Mutation -- CASE STUDIES: IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENS OF TANDEM REPEAT MUTATION -- Impact of Radiation and Radioisotopes -- Acute Radiation Exposure: Atomic Bomb Survivors -- Chronic Radiation Exposure: Chernobyl and Nuclear Bomb Test Sites -- Fractionated Radiation Exposure: Chernobyl Workers and Radiotherapy Patients -- Impact of Air Pollution -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN FISH -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SCOPE OF THE REVIEW -- Historical Data -- Modern Findings Relevant to Transgenerational Effects in Fish -- Review of Technical Advances Relevant to Fish Transgenerational Research -- Genomic Instability in Fish, Adaptive and Bystander Effects -- Transgenics and the Use of Fish Embryos as Models for Finding Teratogenic Effects.

Context and Relevance of Fish Transgenerational Studies for Ecology, Systems Biology and Modeling Ecosystem Drift in Evolutionary Biology -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 GERM CELL-MEDIATED MUTAGENESIS: INSIGHTS FROM THE TRANSGENIC MEDAKA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TRANSGENIC MEDAKA -- FEATURES OF THE APPROACH USING TRANSGENIC MEDAKA -- Male Germ Cells and Study Design -- Alternative Approaches: Isolated Spermatozoa and Female Germ Cells -- Numbers of Offspring -- DNA Isolation from Individual Offspring -- Detection of Mutations in the cII Mutation Target Gene -- Mutant Offspring: cII Mutant Frequencies and Mutational Spectra -- PERSPECTIVE ON MUTAGENESIS FROM TRANSGENIC MUTATION MODELS -- Departure from Mouse Assay Results: Prevalence of Mosaic Mutant Offspring -- FEATURES OF MOSAIC MUTANT OFFSPRING -- Mutation Load and Timing of Mutation Fixation -- Mutational Spectra and Delayed Multiple Mutations -- Offspring of Mutagen-Exposed Parents Exhibit Mutations Consistent with Genomic Instability -- INSIGHTS INTO THE MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS -- Models for Mutagenesis in Early Stage Embryos -- PERSPECTIVES FOR GENETIC HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 TRANSGENERATIONAL GENOMIC INSTABILITY IN MAMMALS -- ABSTRACT -- ABBREVIATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- Terminology -- Background to Transgenerational Cellular Instability Studies -- Germ Line Transmission if Instability to Progeny -- Mechanisms -- Molecular Tools and Approaches -- Dose Response Relationships and Multiple Stressor Issues -- THE WIDER CONTEXT - SUMMARY THOUGHTS -- Problems with New Ideas and Frameworks -- Why Do These Effects Occur at All? -- Is There a Survival Advantage or Is All Transgenerational Instability "Bad"? -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES.

Chapter 13 THE EPIGENETIC (RE)PROGRAMMING OF PHENOTYPIC DIFFERENCES IN BEHAVIOR -- ABSTRACT -- Overview -- 1. GENES, GENE EXPRESSION PROGRAMS, AND MENTAL HEALTH -- 2. THE EPIGENOME -- 2a. Chromatin Structure and the Histone Code -- 2b. Chromatin Remodeling and Targeting -- 2c. DNA Methylation and Consequences for Transcription -- 2d. Reversibility of DNA Methylation in Somatic Tissues -- 2e. The Relationship Between Chromatin Structure and DNA Methylation -- 2f. The Dynamic Pattern of DNA Methylation in Neurons -- 3. EPIGENETIC PROGRAMMING L OF THE STRESS RESPONSE: THE ROLE OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOR -- 3a. Maternal Care as an Epigenetic Regulator of the Stress Response -- 3b. Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Care Is Reversible in Adulthood -- 3c. Mechanisms Linking Maternal Care and Epigenetic Reprogramming -- 4. EPIGENETIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO MENTAL HEALTH -- 4a. Interindividual Differences in DNA Methylation in Humans -- 4b. Influence of DNA Methylation on Mental Health -- 4c. Chromatin Modification and Its Role in Mental Health -- 5. SUMMARY AND PROSPECTIVE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14 LIFESTYLE FACTORS, EPIGENETIC ABNORMALITIES, AND GENOMIC INSTABILITY: IMPLICATIONS FOR CARCINOGENESIS -- INTRODUCTION -- OVERVIEW OF EPIGENETICS: DNA METHYLATION AND HISTONE MODIFICATIONS -- THE ROLE OF EPIGENETIC MECHANISMS IN GENOMIC INSTABILITY AND CARCINOGENESIS -- ALCOHOL-INDUCED EPIGENETIC, GENETIC, GENOMIC ALTERATIONS AND TUMORIGENESIS -- SMOKING, EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS, GENOMIC INSTABILITY, AND TUMORIGENESIS -- SUNLIGHT-INDUCED EPIGENETIC AND GENETIC ALTERATIONS AND SKIN CANCER -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15 PARAMUTATIONS IN PLANTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PARAMUTATIONS AT THE B1 LOCUS IN MAIZE -- PARAMUTATION AT THE R1 LOCUS IN MAIZE -- FUNCTIONAL MODELS FOR THE PARAMUTATIONS -- AN RNA MODEL FOR PARAMUTATION.

CONCLUSION.