Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Motoji Ikeya: -- 1 Legends of Unusual Phenomena Before Earthquakes - Wisdom or Superstition? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Precursor phenomena in the sky, the atmosphere and on land -- 1.2.1 Earthquake light (EQL) -- 1.2.2 Earthquake clouds (EQCs) and fogs (EQFs) -- 1.2.3 Sky, sun, moon, stars and rainbows -- 1.2.4 Weather, water and sounds -- 1.3 Unusual behavior of animals and plants -- 1.3.1 Unusual animal behavior: myths or reality? -- 1.3.2 Legends and proverbs about animals before earthquakes -- 1.3.3 Unusually active catfish and the absence of eels -- 1.3.4 Color woodblock-prints of catfish: Namazu-e -- 1.3.5 Do human beings feel anything before earthquakes? -- 1.3.6 Early flowering, re-flowering and sensitive plants (Mimosa) -- 1.4 Unusual behavior of inanimate objects -- 1.4.1 Mysterious candle flame -- 1.4.2 Nails dropping from a magnet and compass: A magnetic anomaly? -- 1.4.3 Electric home appliances -- 1.4.4 Modern legends: Telecommunication lines and apparatus -- 1.5 Earthquake precursors and the Oriental worldview -- 1.5.1 Different ways of thinking in East and West -- (a) The Oriental tradition -- (b) Scientists in Western culture: The "great ocean of undiscovered truth" -- 1.5.2 Examining the Oriental approach -- 1.6 Summary -- 2 Precursors Before Recent Earthquakes Kobe, Izmit, Taiwan and India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 What happened before the Kobe Earthquake? -- 2.2.1 Over 2000 statements on earthquake precursors -- 2.2.2 Phenomena in the sky and atmosphere -- 2.2.3 Unusual animal and plant behavior -- (a) Mammals (324 reports -- 38% of reports on animals) -- (b) Human (91 -- 12 % of reports on animals) -- (c) Birds (281 -- 35 %) at the epicenter -- (d) Reptiles and insects (43 and 40 reports -- 6 and 5 % of reports on animals) -- (e) Fish (93 -- 5 % ) -- (f) Plants (11.

1 %) swung in still air and flowered early. -- 2.2.4 Unusual behavior of electric appliances-the "Alice in Wonderland" syndrome? -- (a) Spontaneous on-and-off switching of electric appliances, and mysterious sounds -- (b) Noises on TV and radio and channel-setting anomalies -- (c) Rapidly rotating clock hands -- 2.3 Unusual phenomena before the Izmit Earthquake (M7.4) in Turkey -- 2.3.1 The Izmit Earthquake in 1999 and field survey -- 2.3.2 Unusual atmosphere and sky -- (a) Earthquake light (EQL) (208 reports:) -- (b) Clouds and fogs -- (c) Stars and moon -- 2.3.3 Unusual animal behavior -- (a) Mammals (291 -- 23%) -- (b) Human beings (116 -- 25 %) -- (c) Birds (115 -- 25%) -- (d) Reptiles (13 -- 2.8 %) -- (e) Fish in the Gulf of Izmit (20 -- 4 %) -- (f) Insects and worms -- (g) Plants (23 -- 3%) -- 2.3.4 Unusual phenomena on land and sea (92 -- 10 % of total) -- 2.3.5 Malfunctioning electrical appliances (63 -- 7 %) -- 2.3.6 "The Moses Phenomenon" (1,0.1 %) -- 2.4 Precursors of the Taiwan-921 Earthquake (M7.7) -- 2.4.1 The Taiwan-921 Earthquake and field survey -- 2.4.2 Unusual atmosphere (320 -- 11 %), water (229 -- 8 %) and land (227 -- 8%) -- 2.4.3 Unusual behavior of animals, plants and electric appliances -- (a) Mammals (623 -- 23 %) and birds (142 -- 5 %) in Taiwan -- (b) Fish (165 -- 6 %), reptiles (178 -- 6 %), insects (433 -- 15 %) and others -- (c) Plant anomalies (24 -- 1%): Burnt plants and peculiar plant movements. -- (d) Electric appliances (124 -- 4%): -- 2.5 The West Indian (Gujarat) Earthquake (M7.7) in 2001 -- 2.5.1 Field survey and newspaper reports: EQL and sounds -- 2.5.2 Unusual behavior of animals and plants -- 2.6 International mail and overall comments -- 2.6.1 Pigeons, a parrot and cats in the USA: Loma Prieta and Northridge -- 2.6.2 Symptoms of a British former POW.

2.6.3 Overall comments on reports of recent earthquakes: No cultural differences -- 2.7 Numerical data: fish capture records -- 2.7.1 Old work on fishery records by Terada -- 2.7.2 Sea bream catches before the Kobe Earthquake -- 2.7.3 Fishery records at the Istanbul market -- 2.7.4 Comments on fish catch records -- 2.8 Space and time distribution of precursors -- 2.8.1 Are unusual phenomena just wishful thinking? -- 2.8.2 Spatial distribution of precursor phenomena -- 2.8.3 A speculative mechanism for temporal shift of unusual behavior from small to large animals -- 2.8.4 Times of precursor phenomena before earthquakes -- 2.9 Summary -- 3 Earth Sciences and Electromagnetism -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Solid Earth Sciences and earthquakes -- 3.2.1 Structure of the Earth and the cause of earthquakes -- 3.2.2 Seismic P- and S-waves: Early warning systems and animal sensitivity -- 3.2.3 Foreshocks, main shock and aftershocks -- 3.2.4 The dilatancy -fluid diffusion model: Do microfractures precede earthquakes? -- 3.2.5 Geophysical and geochemical changes before earthquakes -- 3.2.6 Tidal withdrawal, "sea-splitting" and tsunamis -- 3.3 Elementary Electromagnetism -- 3.3.1 Physical quantities and units -- (a) Charge and electric current -- (b) Electric potential and electric field -- (c) Magnetic field -- (d) Resistance and impedance -- (e) Conductivity and EM anomalies: -- 3.3.2 Electromagnetic (EM) waves -- (a) Continuous wave (cw-) EM field -- (b) EM waves and their frequencies -- (c) Unit of decibel [dB] and power [dBm] used by electrical engineers -- 3.3.3 Electromagnetic pulses and seismo EM signals (SEMS) -- 3.3.4 Skin depth of EM waves -- 3.3.5 Condenser and dielectric materials -- 3.3.6 Propagation of EM waves in the earth's crust and atmospheric waveguides -- 3.3.7 Piezoelectric polarization and piezo-compensating charges.

3.3.8 Electrokinetics and other mechanisms of stress-electricity conversion -- (a) Streaming potential (zeta potential of water) -- (b) Crack electrification: Lenard splashing -- (c) Charged dislocation by crack formation and exoelectron emission -- 3.3.9 Frictional electricity: Van de Graaff electrostatic generator -- 3.3.10 Absorption ratio for a dielectric sphere -- 3.3.11 Electric field effects on animals -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 Unusual Animal Behavior: I What do they Detect? Electric Field Effects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 What do animals detect?-what are their sensors? -- 4.2.1 Sounds (acoustic waves) and vibration (foreshocks) -- (a) Ultrasonic sounds? -- (b) Subsonic (infrasonic) sounds? -- (c) Seismic P-waves preceding tremors? -- (d) Sounds and vibrations? -- 4.2.2 Odor or outgassing before earthquakes -- 4.2.3 Infrared or far infrared light -- 4.2.4 Magnetic fields -- (a) Do animals detect magnetic fields? -- (b) Magnetic field changes before earthquakes are too small to cause behavioral changes -- (c) Do human beings feel magnetic fields? -- 4.2.5 Electric fields -- (a) Electric fields -- (b) Electric fields induced by movement in magnetic fields -- 4.2.6 Charged aerosols (The Serotonin Syndrome) -- 4.2.7 EM waves ( 0.1 ms) -- 4.3 Electric Held experiments on aquatic animals -- 4.3.1 Experimental conditions -- (a) Electric field experiments -- (b) EM pulses generated by electric discharges -- (c) Exposure of an aquarium to charged aerosol -- 4.3.2 Catfish and eels: Which is more sensitive? -- 4.3.3 Freshwater aquatic animals: shrimps, crabs and alignment in Japanese minnows, guppies, and loaches. -- 4.3.4 Saltwater fish: lobster, squid, octopus, flounder and sea bream -- 4.3.5 Reptiles: Turtles and frogs -- 4.4 Electric field experiments on land animals -- 4.4.1 Experimental conditions.

(a) Direct Current (DC) electric field effects -- (b) Electric pulse experiments (50 ms pulsewidth by quick on-off voltage) -- (c) EM pulses by discharges using Van de Graaff and Wimshurst generators -- (c-1) Van de Graaff generator -- (c-2) Wimshurst generator -- 4.4.2 Mammals -- (a) Human sensitivity to electric fields -- (b) Is a dog's tongue a sensor? -- (c) Cats leaving with owner's socks -- (d) Horses sensitive to leaking electric currents from trams? -- (e) Grooming Rats -- (f) Guinea pigs -- (g) Hamsters: Sensitivity -- 4.4.3 Birds: Puffed-up feathers, grooming, shrieking -- (a) Red sparrows -- (b) High pitched twittering of yellow budgerigars -- (i) Electric field pulse effects at 50 ms -- (ii) Air gap discharges -- (iii) Pulsed current to a loop antenna: EM pulses with no sound -- 4.4.4 Sensitive reptiles -- (a) Snakes woken in winter by EM pulses -- (b) Lizards producing air bubbles -- 4.4.5 Insects and worms -- (a) Honey bees buzzing -- (b) Stag beetles (Dorcus hopei) waking from hibernation -- (c) Ants: face-washing behavior -- (d) Earthworms and lugworms emerged from soil or congregated -- (e) Silkworms in alignment -- 4.4.6 Body current estimation -- 4.5 Experiments at Kobe-Oji Zoo -- 4.5.1 Electric field effects on animals in the Kobe-Oji Zoo -- (a) Californian sea lions: agitation and zigzag movements -- (b) Hippopotamus: submerged and avoided the electric field -- (c) Green snakes: cramped and congregated -- (d) Birds: avoid electric field -- 4.5.2 Estimated electric field intensity before the Kobe Earthquake -- 4.6 Izu-Atagawa Tropical & Alligator Garden -- 4.6.1 Crocodiles: Eyes as electric sensors -- (a) Electric field effect: sensitive crocodiles -- (b) EM pulses by discharges: closing eyes at each pulse -- 4.6.2 Turtles (eyes) and snakes (tongue) -- (a) Turtles (Hieremis annandali Boulenger) closing eyes and washing faces.

(b) Snake (Boa Constrictor).