Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Introduction -- 1. GATS Mode 4: Ambitious in Scope but Unclear in Definition -- 2. GATS Mode 4 Trade: Already Important in Several Service Sectors -- 3. GATS Mode 4 Trade: Facing a Range of Stringent Barriers -- 4. GATS Mode 4 Trade: The Potentially Huge Gains from Its Liberalization -- 5. GATS Mode 4: Limited Commitments -- 6. Existing National Regimes: More Open and Less Narrowly Defined than the GATS -- 7. Regional Agreements: Much Achieved on Labor Mobility, Some Relevant to the GATS -- 8. Mode 4 Liberalization: The Subject of Legitimate Political Concerns-But Which Can Be Addressed -- 9. Economic and Political Changes since the Uruguay Round: Justifying Expectations of a More Liberalizing Outcome on Mode 4 -- 10. The GATS: Making It a More Effective Instrument of Mode 4 Liberalization -- Notes -- References -- The Economics, Law, and Policy of Mode 4 -- 2 The GATS, Mode 4, and Pattern of Commitments -- Introduction -- Basic Structure of the GATS -- Mode 4 -- Pattern of Mode 4 Commitments -- Notes -- References -- 3 Mode 4: Negotiating Challenges and Opportunities -- Introduction -- Mode 4: Scope and Coverage -- Defining Trade in Services and the Emergence of Mode 4 -- Interpretation and Explanation of the Legal Provisions of the GATS Relevant to Mode 4 -- Other Provisions Relevant to the Movement of Natural Persons under the GATS -- An Assessment of Specific Commitments Undertaken to Date under Mode 4 -- Uruguay Round Negotiations -- Mode 4 Specific Commitments and Their Effect on Liberalization of Trade in Services -- Assessment of the Political and Regulatory Dynamics Affecting Mode 4 Commitments -- Enforcement Concerns -- Protection of Labor Markets -- The Issues and Challenges in Current Negotiations -- The Negotiating Mandate.

The Current Negotiating Environment for Mode 4 -- Substantive Market Access Issues -- Wider and Deeper Commitments under Mode 4 -- Classification of Natural Persons as Service Providers and Issues Pertaining to Skill Levels -- Horizontal versus Sector-specific Commitments: A Flexible Approach -- Formula Liberalization/Model Schedule Approach: Problems and Prospects -- Overcoming the Barriers to Effective Access -- Authorization of Entry -- A "GATS Visa." -- "Best Practices" that Address Issues of Transparency -- Issues Related to Article VI.4 -- Domestic Regulations: Article VI.4 -- Other Relevant Issues -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 4 The Economic Implications of Liberalizing Mode 4 Trade -- Introduction -- The Economic Case for Labor Mobility -- International Trade -- Trade and Factor Rewards (Wages) -- Factor Mobility -- Industrial to Developing Country Labor Flows -- Developing to Industrial Country Flows: Skilled Labor -- Developing to Industrial Country Flows: The Unskilled -- Developing the Empirical Model -- The Gains from Temporary Movement-New Estimates -- The Model -- The Experiments -- Compensatory Policies -- Notes -- References -- 5 Labor Mobility in Regional Trade Agreements -- Introduction -- Overview -- Provisions in WTO Agreements -- Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements -- Agreements Providing Full Mobility of Labor -- European Union (EU) -- Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) -- European Free Trade Association (EFTA) -- Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) -- Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations (ANZCERTA) -- Agreements Providing Market Access for Certain Groups or a Separate Chapter on Mobility -- Caribbean Community (CARICOM) -- North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement -- Europe Agreements.

Japan-Singapore Free Trade Agreement -- Group of Three -- Agreements Using the GATS Model with Some Additional Elements -- U.S.-Jordan Free Trade Agreement -- EU-Mexico Free Trade Agreement -- ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) -- Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements (Morocco and Tunisia) -- New Zealand-Singapore Closer Economic Partnership -- Agreements That Use the GATS Model -- Southern Common Market Agreement (MERCOSUR) -- Agreements Providing No Market Access but Facilitated Entry -- Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Forum -- South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) -- Agreements without Provisions on Labor Mobility or Services -- Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) -- Agreements That Are Works in Progress -- Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) -- Southern African Development Community (SADC) -- Appendix: Glossary of Regional Trade Agreements -- Notes -- References -- 6 Current Regimes for the Temporary Movement of Service Providers: Case Studies of Australia and the United States -- Introduction -- Overview -- Australia: A Case Study -- An Overview of the Australian System -- Temporary Entry: Visitors and Temporary Residents -- Social/Cultural Class -- Domestic Worker Visa Class -- Educational Visa Class -- Medical Practitioner (422) -- New Zealand Citizen Family Relationship (461) -- Retirement (410) -- Supported Dependent (430) -- Business Entry -- Business Visitors -- Temporary Business Residents -- Statistics on Entrants -- Business Visitors (less than three months) -- Temporary Business Residents (up to four years) -- The United States: A Case Study -- Visa Categories of Most Relevance for Mode 4 -- B1-Temporary Visitors for Business -- E1-Treaty Traders, E2-Treaty Investors -- H1B-Specialty Occupations -- H1C-Registered Nurses.

H2B-Nonagricultural Workers Performing Services Unavailable in the United States -- H3-Industrial Trainees -- I1-Representatives of Foreign Information Media -- J1-Exchange Visitors -- L1-Intracompany Transferees -- O1-Workers with Extraordinary Ability/Achievement -- O2-Workers Accompanying and Assisting in Performance of O1 Workers -- P1-Internationally Recognized Athletes or Entertainers -- P2-Artists or Entertainers in Reciprocal Exchange Programs -- P3-Artists or Entertainers in Culturally Unique Programs -- Q1-Workers in International Cultural Exchange Programs -- TN-Professional Workers, North American Free Trade Agreement -- Statistics on the Number and Origins of Nonimmigrants -- Number of Entrants -- Country of Origin of Entrants -- A Closer Look at Specialty Occupation Workers (H1B) -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The Stakeholders' View -- 7 Draft Model Schedule of Mode 4: A Proposal -- Introduction -- Market Access and National Treatment -- Categories -- Conditions and Qualifications -- Best Practices -- Prior Comment -- Economic Needs Tests -- Review -- Reference -- 8 Mode 4 and the Software Services Sector: An Indian View -- Introduction -- The Indian Software Services Sector -- Need for the Movement of Natural Persons -- Issues and Constraints Facing the Movement of Natural Persons -- Immigration-Related Matters -- Inadequate Recognition of Qualifications, Training, and Experience -- Differential Treatment of Foreign Service Providers -- Policy Reforms and Initiatives -- Improving the Structure of GATS Commitments -- Removal of Existing Limitations -- Visa Requirements -- Clear Criteria for Economic Needs Tests -- Totalization Agreement -- Recognition of Qualifications and Experience of IT Professionals -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 9 International Trade and Migration of Health Care Workers: Thailand's Experience.

External Brain Drain in the Thai Health Sector -- Thailand's Situation in the 1960s -- Government Response -- The Implications -- Internal Brain Drain -- Conclusion -- Note -- 10 Barriers to the Temporary Migration of Filipino Service Providers -- Introduction -- Trends in Overseas Temporary Migration -- Deployment Level -- Contribution to the Economy -- Deployment of Service Providers -- Deployment Levels -- Skills/Occupations, Destinations, and Length of Stay -- Deployment of Seafarers -- Type of Movement -- Barriers to the Mobility of Filipinos -- Limited GATS Coverage -- Quotas, Preemployment, and Wage Requirements -- Recognition Requirements and Procedures -- Administrative Barriers -- Toward Greater Mobility -- Note -- Reference -- 11 The Jamaican Experience with the Movement of Natural Persons in the Provision of Services -- Introduction -- Existing Formal Programs for Trade in Services -- Farm Worker Program -- Hospitality Worker Program -- Schoolteacher Work Program -- GATS Considerations -- Overview of Informal Initiatives Resulting in Trade in Services -- Movement of Jamaican Professionals -- Movement of Jamaican Nonprofessionals -- GATS Considerations -- The CARICOM Initiative -- Observations of the CARICOM Model Relevant to the GATS -- Conclusion -- 12 Mode 4 and Trade Union Concerns -- Introduction -- The Services of Interest -- Union and NGO Concerns -- Some Solutions -- Notes -- 13 The Temporary Inflow of Natural Persons for The Swiss It Market -- Introduction -- Switzerland's Economy -- The Swiss IT Market -- Switzerland's GATS Commitments -- Getting a Work Permit -- Possible Improvements -- Concluding Observations -- The Regulators' Perspective -- 14 Mode 4: Through a Canadian Immigration Policy Lens -- Introduction -- Role of Immigration and Labor Policy Officials -- Immigration Perspective -- Immigration and Trade Policy Contexts.

CIC Views on International Trade Agreements.