Applications of Fluidization to Food Processing -- Contents -- Preface -- Glossary -- Part One: Fundamentals of Fluidization -- 1 A Description of Fluidized Bed Behaviour -- An introduction to fluidization -- Industrial applications of fluidization -- Applications of fluidization in the food industry -- Gas-solid fluidized bed behaviour -- Influence of gas velocity -- Geldart's classification -- Bubbles and particle movement -- Bubble formation at the distributor -- Bubble growth and bubble shape -- Minimum bubbling velocity -- Bubble rise velocity -- Particle movement due to bubble motion -- Distributor plate design -- Characterisation of particulate solids -- Particle size distribution -- Mean particle size -- Particle shape -- Bulk particle properties -- Terminal falling velocity and particle drag coefficient -- Minimum fluidizing velocity in aggregative fluidization -- Voidage and pressure drop at incipient fluidization -- Carman-Kozeny equation -- Ergun equation -- Minimum fluidizing velocity as a function of terminal falling velocity -- Semi-empirical correlations -- Experimental measurement -- Fluidized bed behaviour at high gas velocities -- Slugging -- Turbulent fluidization and fast fluidization -- Elutriation and entrainment -- Other types of fluidization -- Spouted beds -- Centrifugal fluidization -- Particulate fluidization -- Nomenclature -- References -- 2 Characteristics of Aggregative Fluidization -- Heat transfer -- Correlations for heat transfer coefficients -- Bed-surface heat transfer -- Gas-particle heat transfer -- Gas-particle heat transfer coefficient -- Mass transfer -- Correlations for mass transfer coefficients -- Gas-particle mass transfer -- Mixing -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of solids mixing -- Mixing in fluidized beds -- Vertical mixing of solids: the dispersion model -- Rate of mixing.

Mixing and segregation of dissimilar particles -- Mechanisms -- Patterns of particle segregation -- Examples of fluidized bed segregation -- Nomenclature -- References -- Part Two: Applications -- 3 Freezing -- Low-temperature preservation of foods -- Introduction -- Industrial freezing equipment -- Fluidized bed freezing -- Capacity of fluidized bed freezers -- Freezing rate and freezing point of foods -- Prediction of freezing time -- Design of fluidized bed freezers -- Introduction -- Heat transfer in fluidized bed freezers -- Mixing, dispersion and residence time -- Applications of fluidized bed freezing -- Nomenclature -- References -- 4 Drying -- Introduction -- Principles of drying -- Water activity -- Effect of water activity on microbial growth -- Effect of drying on food structure -- Isotherms and equilibrium -- Drying kinetics -- Classification of driers -- Fluidized bed drying -- Material and energy balances -- The well-mixed drier -- The plug flow drier -- Variations in fluidized bed drier design -- Other fluidized bed drying techniques -- Vibro-fluidization -- Mechanical agitation -- Centrifugal fluidization -- Spouted bed drying -- Microwave drying -- Nomenclature -- References -- 5 Granulation -- Granulation and particle growth -- Particle-particle bonding -- Bonding mechanisms -- Growth mechanisms in granulation -- Fluidized bed granulation -- Introduction -- Principles of operation of fluidized bed granulation -- Material and energy balances -- Batch and continuous operation: population balance -- Bed quenching -- Effect of variables on growth -- Rate and volume of feed -- Nozzle position and atomising air rate -- Bed temperature -- Fluidizing gas velocity -- Particle size -- Binder properties -- Fluidized bed granulation growth models -- Layered growth model -- Agglomeration model -- A theory of fluidized bed granulation.

Particle growth mechanisms in fluidized bed granulation -- Fluidizing gas velocity and particle mixing -- Binder properties -- The balance between granulation and fluidization -- Factors leading to bed quenching -- An overall mechanism -- Food applications of fluidized bed granulation -- Instantising -- Encapsulation and coating -- Other applications -- Spouted bed granulation -- Nomenclature -- References -- 6 Gas-Solid Fluidized Bed Fermentation -- Principles of fluidized bed fermentation -- Fermentation of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Metabolism -- Production of cell mass and ethanol yield -- Factors affecting ethanol production -- Glucose concentration -- Gaseous environment -- Ethanol inhibition -- Temperature -- pH -- Moisture content -- Mass transport limitations -- Fluidized bed fermentation systems -- Basic fluidization considerations -- Anaerobic ethanol production -- Aerobic ethanol production -- Agglomeration, quenching and the glucose sink -- The work of Hayes (1998) -- A description of the experimental system -- Dry quenching experiments -- Ethanol production with grated pellets -- Ethanol production with extruded pellets -- A model for fluidized bed fermentation -- Material and energy balances -- Ethanol-water vapour-liquid equilibria -- The model of Beck and Bauer (1989) -- The model of Hayes (1998) -- Modelling the time course of ethanol production -- Conclusion -- Nomenclature -- References -- 7 Other Applications of Fluidization -- Introduction -- Gas-solid fluidization -- Blanching -- Roasting -- Explosion puffing -- Sterilisation -- Disinfestation of wheat -- Freeze drying -- Liquid-solid fluidization -- Bioreactions -- Sterilisation -- Ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis -- Other applications -- References -- Index.