Food Allergy -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the Fifth Edition -- Abbreviations -- 1 Adverse Reactions to Food Antigens: Basic Science -- 1 The Mucosal Immune System -- Introduction -- Mucosal immunity is associated with suppression: the phenomena of controlled inflammation and oral tolerance -- Controlled/physiologic inflammation -- Oral tolerance -- The nature of antibody responses in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue -- The anatomy of the gut-associated lymphoid tissue: antigen trafficking patterns -- References -- 2 The Immunological Basis of IgE-Mediated Reactions -- Introduction -- Route of sensitization -- Allergen uptake in the intestine -- T-cell response in IgE-mediated allergy -- B-cell response in IgE-mediated allergy -- Allergen-specific IgG and IgA -- Genes and environment -- Innate immune recognition of allergens -- Allergic inflammation -- IgE receptors -- Mast cells -- Basophils -- Eosinophils -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 The Immunological Basis of Non-IgE-Mediated Reactions -- Introduction -- Development of food allergy -- Gut anatomy -- Defense mechanisms -- Oral tolerance -- Antigen transport -- Antigen processing and presentation -- T cells -- Eosinophils -- Food protein-induced enterocolitis and proctocolitis -- Celiac disease -- Allergic eosinophilic esophagitis and gastroenteritis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Food Allergens-Molecular and Immunological Characteristics -- Introduction -- Food allergen protein families -- Food allergens of animal origin (Table 4.2) -- Tropomyosins -- Parvalbumins -- Caseins -- Minor families -- Food allergens of plant origin (Table 4.3) -- The prolamin superfamily -- The cupin superfamily -- The Bet v 1 family -- Minor families -- Allergen databases -- What does this mean? -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 5 Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.

Introduction -- Plant biotechnology -- Roundup Ready soybeans: a case study in food safety assessment -- Development and benefits of Roundup Ready soybeans -- Safety assessment of Roundup Ready soybeans -- General assessment strategy for food allergy -- Analyzing the sources of introduced genes -- Amino acid sequence comparisons to known allergens -- Protein stability -- in vitroimmunoassays of allergenicity -- in vivoassays of allergenicity -- Changes in endogenous allergens (substantial equivalence) -- Allergy assessment summary: Roundup Ready soybeans -- Trends in the science of risk assessment -- Animal models for predicting allergenicity -- Refinements of in vitropepsin digestion assay -- Value of measuring allergen expression levels as part of the allergy risk assessment of biotech crops -- Removing allergens from foods -- International consensus: a common strategy -- Conclusion and future considerations -- References -- 6 Food Allergen Thresholds of Reactivity* -- Definition of threshold -- Thresholds for sensitization versus elicitation -- Clinical determination of individual threshold doses -- Clinical correlates of thresholds of reactivity -- MEDs for specific foods -- Usefulness of individual thresholds for reactivity -- Food industry and regulatory uses of threshold information -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Immunological Tolerance -- Introduction -- Organization of the gastrointestinal immune system -- Gastrointestinal antigen uptake -- Assessment of oral tolerance -- Site of tolerance induction -- Effector mechanisms of oral tolerance -- Anergy, deletion, and suppression -- Regulatory T cells -- Gastrointestinal antigen presentation: the role of dendritic cells -- Factors affecting development of oral tolerance -- Age -- Barrier function -- Immune status -- Microbial influence -- Maternal influence in the breast-feeding infant.

Conclusion -- References -- 8 In Vitro Diagnostic Methods in the Evaluation of Food Hypersensitivity -- Introduction -- Food-specific antibody assays -- Indications for allergen-specific IgE testing -- IgG and IgA antibody detection in celiac disease -- Food allergens -- Allergenic food components -- Food allergen epitopes -- Predictive quantitative allergen-specific IgE levels -- Analytes and assays with little or no confirmed value in the diagnosis of food allergy -- Total serum IgE -- Tryptase -- Food antigen-specific IgG antibody -- Basophil histamine release test -- Other analytes -- Laboratory considerations -- Summary -- References -- 2 Adverse Reactions to Food Antigens: Clinical Science -- 9 Theories on the Increasing Prevalence of Food Allergy -- Introduction -- Is food allergy on the rise? -- Why do not we have better data? -- What are the main theories for the rise in food allergy? -- Commensal gastrointestinal microbe milieu-"fecal microbial diversity" -- The "Hygiene" hypothesis -- The "Old Friends" hypothesis -- Infant feeding practices -- Vitamin D -- Genetic risk -- Gene-environment interactions -- Epigenetics-the interface of genetics and environment -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 The Spectrum of Allergic Reactions to Foods -- Introduction -- Food allergy -- Food intolerance -- Spectrum of food-allergic responses -- IgE-mediated reactions -- Cutaneous responses -- Respiratory and ocular responses -- Gastrointestinal responses -- Generalized anaphylaxis -- Food-associated, exercise-induced anaphylaxis -- Non-IgE-mediated reactions -- Cutaneous responses -- Gastrointestinal responses -- Respiratory responses -- Adverse food reactions associated with eosinophilic disease -- Eosinophilic esophagitis -- Eosinophilic gastroenteritis -- Food aversion -- Conditions associated with multiple immune mechanisms -- Asthma -- Atopic dermatitis.

Summary -- References -- 11 Cutaneous Reactions: Atopic Dermatitis and Other IgE- and Non-IgE-Mediated Skin Reactions -- Introduction -- Immunopathophysiology of AD -- Role of food allergy in AD -- Clinical evidence -- IgE- and non-IgE-mediated mechanisms -- Epidemiology of food allergy in AD -- Diagnosis of food hypersensitivity in patients with AD -- General approach -- In vivoand in vitrolaboratory testing -- Elimination diets and oral food challenges -- Management -- Natural history of food hypersensitivity -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Oral Allergy Syndrome -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Clinical features -- Molecular basis/pathogenesis -- Allergens -- Pollen-food syndromes -- Birch-fruit-vegetable syndrome -- Celery-birch-mugwort-spice syndrome -- Ragweed-melon-banana association -- Lipid transfer protein syndrome -- Latex-fruit syndrome -- Diagnosis -- Management -- Future directions -- Component-resolved diagnosis -- Immunotherapy -- T-cell cross-reactivity -- Conclusions -- References -- 13 The Respiratory Tract and Food Hypersensitivity -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Asthma -- Food hypersensitivity -- Respiratory presentations of food allergy -- Upper respiratory tract -- Lower respiratory tract -- Allergens -- Routes of exposure -- Oral ingestion -- Inhalation food allergens -- What is the link between the respiratory tract and food hypersensitivity? -- Epidemiological associations -- Food allergy as a risk factor for asthma -- Asthma as a risk factor for anaphylaxis -- Food hypersensitivity as a risk factor for severe exacerbations of asthma -- Managing a patient presenting with food-induced respiratory symptom -- Medical history -- Physical examination -- Skin testing for food allergy -- Laboratory testing for food allergy -- Oral food challenges -- Intervention -- Summary and conclusions -- References.

14 Anaphylaxis and Food Allergy -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Prevalence -- Etiology -- Foods -- Food additives -- Clinical features -- Diagnosis -- Laboratory evaluation -- Treatment -- Acute management -- Long-term management -- Prognosis -- References -- 15 Infantile Colic and Food Allergy -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of colic -- Clinical classification of crying syndromes -- Infantile and parental factors associated with infantile colic -- Infantile factors -- Maternal factors -- Behavior interventions and parental support -- Colic as a manifestation of food protein allergy -- Differences between breast- and formula-fed infants -- Food allergy in breast-fed infants -- Development of food allergy in children with previous infantile colic -- Intestinal microbiota in infants with colic -- Infantile colic and gastrointestinal disorders -- Gastroesophageal reflux, esophagitis, and infantile colic -- Colic and intestinal spasm -- Lactose malabsorption -- Dietary treatment of colic -- Hypoallergenic formulas -- Maternal elimination diets -- Investigation and management of infants with colic and suspected food allergy -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Gastroenteritis, and Colitis -- Eosinophilic esophagitis -- Introduction -- Definition -- Incidence and prevalence -- Etiology -- Clinical features -- Diagnosis -- Allergy testing -- Treatment -- Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (gastroenterocolitis) -- Introduction -- Definition -- Prevalence -- Etiology -- Clinical features -- Diagnosis -- Laboratory evaluation -- Treatment -- Eosinophilic proctocolitis -- Introduction -- Definition -- Prevalence -- Etiology -- Clinical manifestations -- Diagnosis -- Laboratory evaluation -- Treatment -- References -- 17 Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy -- Introduction -- Other forms of intolerance to wheat/gluten -- Etiology -- Genetics.

Environmental factors.