Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. The Need for Central Asian Countries to Diversify Their Trade -- Recent Export Performance -- Diversification Potential -- 2. The Constraints Facing Central Asian Leading Cities -- The Constraints to Production Capacity within Countries -- The Constraints to Market Accessibility across Countries -- 3. Why Agglomeration is Important: Potential of Leading Cities as Drivers of Diversification -- The Competitive Advantage of Leading Cities -- The Need for an Explicit Space-Based Export Diversification -- Mainstreaming Space-Based Economic Policies -- 4. The "How to" of Expanding Trade in Central Asia -- Framework for a City-Led Diversification Strategy -- How to Promote Economic Density in Leading Cities -- How to Improve Leading Cities' Connections with their Agricultural Hinterlands -- How to Secure Accessibility to Key Regional Markets -- 5. References -- List of Tables -- Table 1. Summary of policy actions to be considered -- Table 1.1. Trade structure, Central Asia and Southeast Europe, 2003 and 2008 -- Table 1.2. Complementarity gap between Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan and major regional markets, 2008 (percent) -- Table 2.1. Access to selected backbone services in leading cities of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, and in Europe and Central Asia, 2008 and 2009 -- Table 2.2. ICT performance in Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, 2007 -- Table 2.3. International bazaars, selected cities, 2008 -- Table 2.4. Storage capacity, leading cities and their Hinterlands, Kyrgyz Republic, 2008 -- Table 2.5. Storage facilities, Sughd Region Districts, Tajikistan, 2006 -- Table 2.6. External business environment constraints, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, and Europe and Central Asia.

Table 2.7. Main business environment constraints facing distribution and transport service firms, leading cities of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, 2009 -- Table 2.8. Domestic freight rates, Tajikistan, 2009 -- Table 2.9. Truck cargo between Tajikistan and Selected Destinations, 2007 and 2008 (number of trucks) -- Table 2.10. Average carriage costs to selected destinations by way of Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2009 -- Table 2.11. Cost of air freight from Almaty to selected destinations, 2009 (USD) -- Table 2.12. Haulage rates and times for an 86-square meter, 19-ton truck from Almaty to selected destinations -- Table 3.1. Top 10 products produced in Kazakhstan's three leading cities, 2007 (USD millions) -- Table 3.2. International flights from Almaty, 2009 -- Table 3.3. Agricultural production, Bishkek and its Hinterland, Kyrgyz Republic, 2008 -- Table 3.4. Agricultural production, Osh and its Hinterland, Kyrgyz Republic, 2008 -- Table 3.5. Main manufactured production in Osh, 2008 -- Table 3.6. Main manufactured production in Bishkek, 2008 -- List of Figures -- Figure 1. The north-south road corridor linking six central asian leading cities -- Figure 1.1. Destination of nonnatural-resource-intensive exports from the central asian countries, 2003 and 2007 -- Figure 1.2. Sources of export growth, nonnatural-resource-intensive products, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, 2003-08 -- Figure 1.3. Average trade complementarity with leading regional markets, Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, 2002-04 and 2005-08 -- Figure 1.4. The north-south road corridor linking the six leading cities -- Figure 2.1. The Kyrgyz republic's direct connections to China -- Figure 3.1. Standardized Herfindahl index by Oblasts for Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan, various years -- Figure 3.2. Market accessibility in Kazakhstan.

Figure 3.3. Market accessibility in the Kyrgyz Republic -- Figure 3.4. Market accessibility in Tajikistan -- Figure 3.5. Travel time to leading cities of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan (No integration with Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) -- Figure 3.6. Travel time to leading cities of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Tajikistan (Full integration with Kazakhstan and Tajikistan) -- Figure 3.7. Spatial interaction between Bishkek and Osh and their surroundings -- List of Boxes -- Box 1.1. The Thai experience of agriculture-led industrialization -- Box 2.1. Policies for competitiveness with inclusiveness in the supermarket revolution, East and Southeast Asia -- Box 2.2. Yashar Bar, a multimodal freight forwarding company operating from Khujand -- Box 3.1. Vertical contracting in global value chains -- Box 3.2. The world development report 2009 framework applied to Central Asia -- Box 4.1. Space-based policy in the Republic of Korea -- List of Appendices -- Appendix 1. Production data -- Appendix 2. Transport and distribution data -- Appendix 3. Land cover of the hinterland of the leading cities.