Cover Page -- Dedication -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Forest Genetics - Concepts, Scope, History and Importance -- Global Scope and Importance of Natural and Managed Forests -- The Role of Plantations as Forest Ecosystems -- Concepts and Sources of Variation in Forests -- Separating Genotypic and Environmental Influences on Phenotypic Variation -- Environmental Sources of Variation -- Genetic Sources of Variation -- Historical Perspective onForest Genetics -- General Genetics -- Forest Genetics -- Why Study Forest Genetics? -- SECTION I: BASIC PRINCIPLES -- Chapter 2: Molecular Basis of Inheritance - Genome Organization, Gene Structure and Regulation -- Genome Organization -- The DNA Molecule -- Cellular Organization of Genomes -- Genome Size -- Chromosomes and Polyploidy -- Karyotype Analysis -- Repetitive DNA -- Gene Structure and Regulation -- The Central Dogma and the Genetic Code -- Transcription and Translation -- Structural Organization of a Gene -- Regulation of Gene Expression -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Transmission Genetics - Chromosomes, Recombination and Linkage -- Mendelian Genetics -- Mendel's Crossing Experiments with Peas -- Mendelian Inheritance of Traits in Forest Trees -- Statistical Tests for Mendelian Inheritance -- Transmission and Inheritance of Chromosomes -- Mitosis and Cell Division -- Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction -- Extensions to Mendel's Laws -- Partial Dominance -- Codominance -- Epistasis -- Genetic Linkage -- Organelle Genome Inheritance -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Genetic Markers - Morphological, Biochemical and Molecular Markers -- Uses and Characteristics of Genetic Markers -- Morphological Markers -- Biochemical Markers -- Monoterpenes -- Allozymes -- Other Protein Markers -- Molecular Markers.

DNA-DNA Hybridization: Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -- Molecular Markers Based on the Polymerase Chain Reaction -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Population Genetics - Gene Frequencies, Inbreeding and Forces of Evolution -- Quantifying the Genetic Composition of Populations -- Genotype and Allele Frequencies -- Hardy-Weinberg Principle -- Mating Systems and Inbreeding -- Influence of Inbreeding on Genotypic Frequencies -- Inbreeding Coefficient and Regular Systems of Inbreeding -- Inbreeding Depression -- Forces that Change Allele Frequencies -- Mutation -- Migration -- Selection -- Genetic Drift -- Joint Effects of Evolutionary Forces -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 6: Quantitative Genetics - Polygenic Traits, Heritabilities and Genetic Correlations -- The Nature and Study of Polygenic Traits -- Characteristics of Polygenic Traits -- Studying Polygenic Traits -- Modeling Phenotypes of Parents and Offspring -- Clonal Value and Breeding Value -- Estimating the Average Performance of Offspring -- Genetic Variances and Heritabilities -- Definitions and Concepts -- Estimates of Heritabilities for Forest Trees -- Uses and Importance of Heritability Estimates in Forest Tree Populations -- Genetic Correlations -- Definitions and Concepts -- Trait-trait Correlations -- Age-age Correlations -- Genotype × Environment Interaction -- Definitions and Concepts -- Importance of G × E Interaction in Forest Trees -- Estimating Genetic Parameters -- Mating Design -- Field Design -- Study Implementation, Data Cleaning and Standardization -- Data Analyses -- Parameter Estimation and Interpretation -- Summary and Conclusions -- SECTION II: GENETIC VARIATION IN NATURAL POPULATIONS -- Chapter 7: Within-population Variation - Genetic Diversity, Mating Systems and Stand Structure -- Quantifying Genetic Variation.

Measures of Genetic Variation Based on Genetic Markers -- Measures of Genetic Variation Based on Quantitative Traits -- Genetic Diversity in Forest Trees -- Estimates of Genetic Diversity from Genetic Markers -- Estimates of Genetic Diversity from Quantitative Traits -- Factors Promoting Genetic Diversity within Populations -- Large Population Size -- Longevity -- High Levels of Outcrossing -- Strong Migration between Populations -- Balancing Selection -- Mating System Dynamics in Forest Trees -- Mechanisms Promoting High Levels of Outcrossing -- Factors Leading to Unusually Low Levels of Outcrossing -- Patterns of Cross-fertilization within Populations -- Spatial and Temporal Genetic Structure within Populations -- Spatial Genetic Structure -- Temporal Genetic Structure -- Practical Implications of Within-population Genetic Diversity -- Genetic Improvements under Natural Regeneration Systems -- Seed Collections in Natural Populations -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Geographic Variation - Races, Clines and Ecotypes -- Definitions and Concepts Related to Geographic Variation -- Provenances, Seed Sources and Races -- Clines and Ecotypes -- Varieties and Subspecies -- Provenance × Environment Interaction -- Experimental Methods Used to Study Geographic Variation -- Genetic Markers for Studying Geographic Variation -- Short-term Seedling Tests in Artificial Environments -- Long-term Provenance Trials in Field Experiments -- Patterns of Geographic Variation in Forest Trees -- Racial Variation Associated with Environmental Differences -- Racial Variation Not Associated with Environmental Differences -- Species with Little or No Racial Variation -- Geographic Patterns of Genetic Diversity -- Implications of Geographic Variation for Seed Transfer -- Setting Explicit Objectives of Provenance Selection.

Lessons Learned from Previous Provenance Studies -- A Decision Tree to Guide Seed Transfer Decisions -- Types of Seed Transfer Guidelines and Logistics of Implementation -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 9: Evolutionary Genetics - Divergence, Speciation and Hybridization -- Divergence, Speciation and Hybridization -- Species Concepts -- Mechanisms of Speciation -- Hybridization and Introgression -- Evolutionary History and Phytogeny -- Evolutionary History -- Phylogenetics -- Molecular Mechanisms of Genome Evolution -- Mutation and Nucleotide Diversity -- Gene Duplication and Gene Families -- Polyploidy -- Coevolution -- Pines and Rust Fungi -- White Pines and Corvids -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 10: Gene Conservation - In Situ, Ex Situ and Sampling Strategies -- Threats to Genetic Diversity -- Habitat Loss, Deforestation, and Fragmentation -- Pathogens, Insects, Exotic Species and Movement of Genetic Material -- Pollution and Global Climate Change -- Strategies to Conserve Genetic Diversity -- In Situ Gene Conservation -- Ex Situ Gene Conservation -- Population Sizes for Gene Conservation -- Number and Location of Populations for Gene Conservation -- Effects of Forest Management Practices and Domestication on Genetic Diversity -- Summary and Conclusions -- SECTION III: TREE IMPROVEMENT -- Chapter 11: Tree Improvement Programs - Structure, Concepts and Importance -- Scope and Structure of Tree Improvement Programs -- The Breeding Cycle of Forest Tree Improvement Programs -- Base Population -- Selected Population -- Breeding Population -- Propagation Population -- Infusions from External Populations -- Genetic Testing -- Genetic Gains and Economic Value of Tree Improvement Programs -- Genetic Gain Concepts and Types of Gains Estimates -- Genetic Gains Achieved for Different Traits -- Economic Analysis of Tree Improvement Programs.

Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 12: Base Populations - Species, Hybrids, Seed Sources and Breeding Zones -- Types of Taxa and Their Attributes for Plantations -- Species and Interspecific Hybrids -- Subspecies, Varieties, Provenances and Land Races -- Choosing Species, Hybrids and Seed Sources for Plantation Forestry -- Identifying Candidate Species, Hybrids and Seed Sources for Plantation Forestry -- Multiphase Field Trials for Testing Species, Hybrids and Seed Sources -- Using Available Information to Make Taxa Decisions for Plantation Forestry -- Defining Base Populations for Tree Improvement Programs -- Number and Size of Breeding Units -- Composition of Base Populations -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 13: Phenotypic Mass Selection - Genetic Gain, Choice of Traits and Indirect Response -- General Concepts and Their Application to Mass Selection -- The Process of Selection -- Mass Selection in First-generation Tree Improvement Programs -- Methods of Mass Selection -- Predicting Genetic Gain from Mass Selection -- Equations for Predicting Genetic Gain -- Selection Intensity -- Factors Affecting Genetic Gain from Mass Selection -- Indirect Mass Selection -- Definition and Uses of Indirect Selection -- Comparison of Indirect and Direct Selection -- Selection Methods for Multiple Traits -- Defining the Breeding Objective -- Choosing Which Traits to Measure -- Index Selection -- Independent Culling, Tandem Selection and Two-stage Selection -- Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 14: Genetic Testing - Mating Designs, Field Designs and Test Implementation -- Types, Objectives and Functions of Genetic Tests -- Defining Genetic Architecture -- Progeny Testing -- Establishing Advanced-generation Base Populations -- Quantifying Realized Gains -- Mating Designs -- Incomplete-pedigree Mating Designs -- Complete Pedigree (Full-sib Family) Mating Designs.

Variations of Classical Mating Designs.