Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Colour Plates -- 1. Introduction and Basic Solid Mechanics -- 1.1 What Holds a Solid Together? -- 1.1.1 Surface energy -- 1.1.2 Interatomic force -- 1.2 Stress and Strain -- 1.2.1 Principal stresses and Mohr's stress circles -- 1.3 Elastic Deformation -- 1.3.1 Elastic strain energy -- 1.4 Plastic Deformation and Hardness -- 1.5 Strength Resilience and Fracture -- 1.5.1 Theoretical ideal strength -- 1.5.2 Fracture of real materials -- 1.5.2.1 Elastic fracture -- 1.5.2.2 Plastic fracture -- 1.5.2.3 Size effect -- 1.5.2.4 Toughness and the characteristic length of a material -- 1.6 Simple Fracture Experiments -- 1.6.1 Paper tearing -- 1.6.2 The sardine can problem -- 1.6.3 Divergent concertinas tears -- 1.6.4 Wiggly cuts or the Kit Kat® problem -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- 1.8 Notes -- 2. Evolution of the Earth -- 2.1 Plate Tectonics -- 2.2 Folds and Faults -- 2.3 Earthquakes -- 2.3.1 Seismology -- 2.3.2 Earthquake hazards and prediction -- 2.4 Rock Fracture -- 2.4.1 The effect of confining pressure on the compressive strength -- 2.4.2 Modelling the compression fracture of rocks -- 2.5 Ice -- 2.5.1 Glaciers -- 2.5.2 Icebergs -- 2.6 Concluding Remarks -- 2.7 Notes -- 3. Evolution of Life -- 3.1 Biocomposites -- 3.1.1 Stiffness -- 3.1.2 Toughness -- 3.2 Plant Tissues -- 3.2.1 The fracture toughness of plant tissue -- 3.3 Animal Tissues -- 3.3.1 Organic tissues -- 3.3.1.1 Chitin fibres and cuticle -- 3.3.1.2 Silk -- 3.3.1.3 Tendon -- 3.3.1.4 Skin -- 3.3.1.5 Keratin -- 3.3.2 Bioceramic tissues -- 3.3.2.1 Mollusc shell structures and nacre -- 3.3.2.2 Bone -- 3.3.2.3 Teeth -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- 3.5 Notes -- 4. Human Evolution and Stone Tools -- 4.1 Modern Discovery of Stone Tools -- 4.1.1 The Brandon flintknappers -- 4.1.2 The archaeological importance of stone tools -- 4.2 Stone Tool Types and Human Evolution.

4.3 Stone Materials -- 4.3.1 Materials for flaked tools -- 4.3.1.1 Heat treatment of stone -- 4.3.2 Materials for ground stone tools -- 4.4 Flaked Stone Tools -- 4.4.1 Initiation phase -- 4.4.2 Propagation phase -- 4.4.3 Termination phase -- 4.4.4 Surface markings -- 4.5 Ground Stone Tools -- 4.5.1 The mechanics of abrasion -- 4.6 Use-wear on Stone Tools -- 4.7 Concluding Remarks -- 4.8 Notes -- 5. Building in Stone and Concrete in the Ancient World -- 5.1 Spanning Openings -- 5.1.1 Architraves -- 5.1.2 Arches -- 5.1.3 Vaults and domes -- 5.2 Ancient Egyptian Masonry -- 5.2.1 Building stone -- 5.2.1.1 Properties of building stone -- 5.2.2 Tools for extraction and dressing of stone -- 5.2.3 Method of quarrying stone -- 5.2.3.1 Quarrying soft stone -- 5.2.3.2 The use of wooden wedges expanded by water -- 5.2.3.3 Quarrying hard stone -- 5.2.3.4 Sawing and drilling stone -- 5.2.4 Building in stone -- 5.3 Greek Masonry -- 5.4 Roman Masonry and Concrete -- 5.5 Concluding Remarks -- 5.6 Notes -- 6. From the Renaissance to the Industrial Revolution -- 6.1 Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) -- 6.2 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) -- 6.3 The Royal Society and Prince Rupert's Drops -- 6.4 Edme Mariotte (ca. 1620-1684) -- 6.5 Dome of St Peter's and Giovanni Poleni (1683-1761) -- 6.6 The Liberty Bell -- 6.7 Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) -- 6.8 Mechanical Testing in the Eighteenth-Century -- 6.9 Concluding Remarks -- 6.10 Notes -- 7. From the Industrial Revolution to 1900 -- 7.1 Emerson's Paradox -- 7.2 Wrought Iron and Brittle Fracture -- 7.3 Steam Power and Bursting Boilers -- 7.4 Railways and Fatigue -- 7.4.1 The pragmatic approach to fatigue -- 7.4.2 August Wöhler (1819-1914) ) and the systematic study of fatigue -- 7.5 The Coming of the Steel Age and Brittle Fracture -- 7.5.1 Brittle fracture opinions and tests.

7.5.2 Major brittle fractures in the nineteenth-century -- 7.5.3 Notch impact testing -- 7.6 Strength Theories in the Nineteenth-Century -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks -- 7.8 Notes -- 8. The First Half of the Twentieth-Century -- 8.1 The Brittle Fracture of Steel -- 8.1.1 Notch impact tests -- 8.1.2 Understanding notch brittleness and the ductile-brittle transition -- 8.1.3 Brittle fracture of riveted steel structures -- 8.1.4 Brittle fracture of welded steel structures -- 8.1.5 Brittle fracture tests during the 1940s -- 8.2 The Beginning of Analytical Fracture Mechanics -- 8.2.1 Wieghardt's pioneering work -- 8.2.2 Inglis and the stresses due to cracks and sharp corners -- 8.2.3 Griffith and the foundations of fracture mechanics -- 8.2.4 Defects and the strength of brittle solids -- 8.2.5 Obreimoff, stable fracture and its reversibility -- 8.2.6 The extension of Griffith's theory to metals -- 8.3 The Statistics of Fracture -- 8.4 Fatigue of Materials -- 8.4.1 Microstructural aspects of fatigue -- 8.4.2 Effect of frequency of stress cycling and corrosion fatigue -- 8.4.3 Cumulative damage -- 8.4.4 The effect of notches and size effect -- 8.4.5 Component fatigue testing -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- 8.6 Notes -- 9. Fundamentals of Fracture and Metal Fracture from 1950 to the Present -- 9.1 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) -- 9.1.1 Fracture of high strength metals -- 9.1.2 The fracture process zone (FPZ) -- 9.1.3 Crack paths in low velocity elastic fractures -- 9.1.4 Dynamic crack propagation -- 9.1.4.1 Analysis of dynamic fracture -- 9.2 The Brittle Fracture of Steel -- 9.2.1 Theory of cleavage initiation and propagation -- 9.2.2 Propagation tests -- 9.2.3 Crack arrest tests -- 9.2.4 Welded wide plate tests -- 9.3 Developments in Steel Making -- 9.4 Elasto-Plastic Fracture Mechanics (EPFM) -- 9.4.1 The crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) concept.

9.4.2 The crack tip opening angle (CTOA) -- 9.4.3 The J-integral and EPFM -- 9.4.4 Plasticity and fracture - work and energy -- 9.4.5 The essential work of fracture concept -- 9.4.6 Modelling the FPZ in elasto-plastic fracture -- 9.5 Fatigue of Metals -- 9.5.1 Low-cycle fatigue -- 9.5.2 Crack propagation -- 9.5.3 Short fatigue cracks -- 9.5.4 Multiple site fatigue -- 9.6 Concluding Remarks -- 9.7 Notes -- 10. The Diversity of Materials and Their Fracture Behaviour -- 10.1 Ceramics -- 10.1.1 Processing -- 10.1.2 Mechanical properties -- 10.1.3 Fracture -- 10.1.4 Transformation toughened ceramics -- 10.1.5 Cyclic and static fatigue -- 10.1.6 Refractories and thermal shock -- 10.2 Cement and Concrete -- 10.2.1 Fracture mechanics of cementitious materials -- 10.2.2 Size effect -- 10.2.3 Macro defect free cement -- 10.3 Polymers -- 10.3.1 Deformation modes -- 10.3.2 Glassy polymers -- 10.3.3 Semicrystalline polymers -- 10.3.4 Toughened polymers -- 10.3.5 Adhesives and adhesion -- 10.3.5.1 Strength of adhesive -- 10.3.5.2 Fracture toughness of adhesive joints -- 10.4 Composites -- 10.4.1 Reinforcing fibres -- 10.4.2 Fracture of long fibre composites -- 10.4.3 Toughness of fibre composites -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- 10.6 Notes -- 11. Cutting and Piercing -- 11.1 Knives, Microtomes, Guillotines, Scissors, and Punches -- 11.1.1 Cutting thin slices -- 11.1.2 Cutting thick chunks -- 11.1.3 Wedge indentation -- 11.1.4 Cutting thin sheets and plates -- 11.1.5 Cropping bars -- 11.2 Machining of Metals -- 11.2.1 The role of fracture in machining -- 11.2.2 Mechanics of machining -- 11.3 Piercing -- 11.3.1 Deep penetration of soft solids -- 11.3.2 Deep penetration of stiff solids -- 11.3.3 Piercing of sheets and plates -- 11.4 Armour and Piercing Impact -- 11.4.1 Perforation mechanisms in metal plates -- 11.4.2 Helmet development.

11.4.3 Development of battleship armour -- 11.5 Concluding Remarks -- 11.6 Notes -- 12. Recent Developments and the Twenty-First Century -- 12.1 Integrity of Thin Films and Multilayers -- 12.1.1 Interfacial toughness -- 12.1.2 Film cracking and delamination -- 12.1.2.1 Delamination and cracking under tensile residual stress -- 12.1.2.2 Delamination by buckling with or without film cracking -- 12.2 Multiscale Modelling -- 12.2.1 Continuum mechanics -- 12.2.2 Mesomechanics -- 12.2.2.1 Strain gradient plasticity -- 12.2.2.2 Dislocation dynamics -- 12.2.3 Atomistic mechanics -- 12.2.3.1 Quantum mechanics -- 12.2.3.2 Molecular dynamics -- 12.3 Nanocrystalline Materials and Polymer Nanocomposites -- 12.3.1 Nanocrystalline materials -- 12.3.2 Nanocomposites -- 12.3.2.1 Nanoparticles -- 12.3.2.2 Toughening mechanisms -- 12.3.2.3 Glassy matrices -- 12.3.2.4 Semicrystalline matrices -- 12.4 Biomimetics, Strength, and Toughness -- 12.4.1 Composites modelled on wood tracheids -- 12.4.2 Artificial Nacres -- 12.4.3 Self healing polymers -- 12.5 Concluding Remarks -- 12.6 Notes -- Appendix: Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations -- Symbols -- Abbreviations -- Bibliography -- Name Index -- Subject Index.