Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- General Introduction -- Part I. Soviet Copyright in the Era of Real Socialism: The Period from 1917 until 1985 -- Title I. Creativity and Entrepreneurship in the Soviet Union's Cultural Sector -- Introduction -- Chapter I. Lenin's Opinions on Culture -- Introduction -- Section 1. A Marxist View of Art and Culture -- Section 2. The Leading Role of the Vanguard Party -- Section 3. An Instrumental View of Art -- Section 4. The Assimilation of Bourgeois Culture -- Section 5. The Priority of Raising the Cultural Level of the (Rural) Populace -- Chapter II. The Instruments of Communist Cultural Policy -- Introduction -- Section 1. The Monopoly on Enterprise in the Cultural Sector -- Introduction -- 1. The Public Cultural Sector -- 1.1. State Ownership -- 1.2. State Enterprises -- 1.3. State Institutions -- 1.4. Planned Management of the Cultural Sector -- 2. The Quasi-Public Cultural Sector -- 3. Room for Private Initiative in the Cultural Sector? -- 4. Conclusion -- Section 2. The Communist View on Freedom of Speech and Art -- Introduction -- Subsection 1. Human Rights in Communist Theory and Practice -- Subsection 2. Freedom of Speech and Cultural Rights and Liberties -- 1. Some Cultural-Historical Remarks -- 2. Freedom of Speech and of the Press -- 2.1. The Constitutional Principle -- 2.2. Limitations to Freedom of Speech and Freedom of the Press -- 2.2.1. Introduction -- 2.2.2. Preventive Measures -- 2.2.3. Criminal Repressive Measures -- 3. Cultural Rights and Freedoms -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Freedom of Artistic Creation -- 3.2.1. The Principle -- 3.2.2. The Relationship with Copyright -- 3.3. The Right to Cultural Consumption -- Subsection 3. The Freedom of Association -- Subsection 4. Conclusion -- Section 3. Conclusion Concerning Communist Cultural Policy.

Title II. The History and Specificity of Socialist Copyright Law -- Chapter I. The History of Russian Copyright to 1985 -- Section 1. Czarist Russia -- 1. The Period to 1887 -- 2. 1887-1917 -- Section 2. The Soviet Period -- 1. 1917-1922 -- 2. 1922-1928 -- 3. 1928-1960 -- 4. 1961-1973 -- 5. 1973-1985 -- Section 3. Conclusion -- Chapter II. An Experiment Gone Wrong? The USSR's Accession to the UCC -- Introduction -- Section 1. A Dual System -- Introduction -- 1. Two Definitions of the Word "Publication" -- 2. Two Forms of Contract and the Simultaneous Transferability and Non-Transferability of Rights -- Section 2. The UCC as a Trojan Horse -- Section 3. The UCC as a Pandora's Box -- Section 4. Conclusion -- Part II. System Transformation in the Period 1985-2000 -- Introduction -- Title I. Perestroika and Its Effects on State, Party, and Culture -- Chapter I. Perestroika and the Fall of the CPSU and the USSR -- Introduction -- Section 1. Key Concepts in Gorbachev's Reform Policy -- Section 2. The Decline of Communism and the Soviet State -- 1. The Fall of the Communist Party -- 2. The Fall of the Soviet Union -- Chapter II. The Political Discourse on Culture after 1985 -- Section 1. Gorbachev -- Section 2. El'tsin -- Title II. The Transformation of the Political and Legal System -- Introduction -- Chapter I. The Russian Rule of Law and the Revaluation of the Law -- Section 1. The Origin of the Idea of the Rule of Law in the Soviet Union -- 1. The Formal Rule of Law -- 2. The Material Rule of Law -- Section 2. The Implementation of the Idea of the Rule of Law in the Russian Federation -- Section 3. Critical Considerations: Civil Society and Legal Consciousness -- 1. The Rule of Law and Civil Society -- 2. The Rule of Law and Legal Consciousness -- Section 4. Conclusion -- Chapter II. A New Concept of Human Rights.

Section 1. The Reversal -- Section 2. Human Rights in the Russian Federation's Constitution of 12 December 1993 -- 1. General Remarks -- 2. The Catalogue of Human Rights -- 2.1. Division -- 2.2. Formal Comparison with Constitution 1977/1978 -- 2.3. Comparison with Constitution 1977/1978 with Respect to Contents -- 3. The Restrictions upon Human Rights -- 4. Reference to International Human Rights Treaties -- 5. The Judicial and Institutional Protection of Human Rights -- 5.1. The Judicial Protection of Human Rights -- 5.1.1. The Constitutional Court -- 5.1.2. The Ordinary Courts of Law -- 5.1.3. International Courts of Law -- 5.2. The Institutional Protection of Human Rights -- 5.2.1. The President of the RF's Committee for Human Rights -- 5.2.2. The Commissioner for Human Rights -- Section 3. Some Critical Marginal Notes -- Chapter III. Freedom of Speech and of Artistic Creation -- Section 1. The Freedom of Speech and Thought, of Gathering and Disseminating of Information and of Mass Information -- 1. The Sedes Materiae -- 2. Contents of the Freedom of Speech -- 2.1. The Constitution -- 2.2. The Law on the News Media RF -- 2.2.1. General Remarks -- 2.2.2. Right to Acquire and Disseminate Information -- 2.2.3. The Right to Establish News Media -- 3. Limitations upon the Freedom of Speech -- 3.1. The Constitutional Framework -- 3.2. Preventive Measures -- 3.2.1. The Prohibition of Censorship -- 3.2.2. Other Preventive Measures -- 3.3. Repressive Restrictions upon the Freedom of Speech -- 3.3.1. General Remarks -- 3.3.2. The Criminal Restrictions upon the Freedom of Speech -- 3.3.2. Restrictions upon the Freedom of Speech through Tort Law -- 4. The President as Guarantor of the Freedom of Information -- Section 2. The Freedom of Artistic Creation and Other Cultural Rights -- 1. The Right to Create.

2. The Relationship between Freedom of Artistic Creation and Freedom of Speech -- 3. The Limitations upon Artistic Freedom -- 3.1. Preventive Measures -- 3.2. Repressive Measures -- 4. Material Guarantees for Artistic Freedom -- 4.1. A Defensive Right and Legitimation of State Intervention -- 4.2. Freedom of Association -- 4.3. Copyright -- 5. The Right to Cultural Consumption and Cultural Preservation -- Conclusion -- Title III. The Transformation of the Economic System -- Introduction -- Chapter I. Attempts to Improve the Existing System (1985-1989) -- Introduction -- Section 1. The State Sector -- 1. The Law on State Enterprises of 30 June 1987 -- 2. Experiments with Autonomy in the Cultural Sector -- Section 2. The Development of a Private Sector -- 1. The Law of 19 November 1986 on Individual Labor Activity -- 2. The Law on Cooperatives of 26 May 1988 -- Chapter II. The Development of a Market Economy in Russia (1990-2000) -- Introduction -- Section 1. The Modernization of Civil Law -- Section 2. Property Law -- 1. Acknowledgement of the Principle of Private Ownership -- 2. The Ordering of Property -- Section 3. The Freedom of Entrepreneurship and Trade -- 1. The Freedom of Entrepreneurship -- 2. The Freedom of Trade -- 2.1. Domestic Trade -- 2.2. Foreign Trade -- Section 4. The Struggle against Monopolies and Unfair Competition -- Section 5. Privatization Legislation -- Conclusion -- Title IV. The Transformation of Cultural Policy -- Introduction -- Chapter I. Cultural Administration -- Introduction -- Section 1. Changing the Government Organization -- Section 2. Changing the Role of Governmental Bodies -- Section 3. Some Final Remarks -- Chapter II. Legal and Budgetary Means for Culture-Specific State Intervention -- Section 1. The Legal Instruments for Government Intervention.

Section 2. Public Cultural Expenditure: Amount and Structure -- Chapter III. Government Measures Specific to Culture -- Introduction -- Section 1. Support of Creative Artists -- Section 2. Support of Cultural Mediators -- 1. Intersectoral Measures -- 2. Sector-Specific Measures -- 2.1. The Written Press and the Publishing Industry -- 2.2. Film -- 2.3. The Stage Arts and the Music Industry -- 2.4. The Visual Arts -- 2.5. Craft Manufacture -- 3. Encouragement of Cultural Consumption -- Conclusion -- Part III. A Copernican Revolution in Copyright Law? -- Introduction: The Task for the Russian Legislator -- Title I. The Transformation of Copyright -- Chapter I. The Changing International Copyright Environment -- Section 1. Russia, International Organizations and Multilateral Treaties -- Introduction -- 1. WIPO -- 2. GATT/WTO -- 3. The Council of Europe -- Section 2. Russia and Bilateral Treaties -- Introduction -- 1. Russia-European Union -- 2. Russia-USA -- 3. Other Bilateral Treaties -- Conclusion -- Chapter II. The Chronology of the Transformation of Copyright -- Introduction -- Section 1. The Minor Perestroika of Soviet Copyright -- 1. Internal Changes to Soviet Copyright Law -- 1.1. Directives for the Courts -- 1.2. Alterations to the Civil Code RSFSR -- 1.3. New Rates for the Remuneration of Authors -- 1.4. The Copyright Symbol and the Transfer of Rights Abroad -- 1.5. The Fate of the Authors' Agency VAAP and Its Successors -- 1.6. Media Legislation -- 1.7. The Legislation on Education -- 2. The USSR's External Relations Concerning Copyright -- Section 2. The Major Perestroika of Soviet Copyright -- 1. The Fundamentals 1991 -- 1.1. Creation and Coming into Effect -- 1.2. Discussion -- 2. The Computer Law (1992) and the Copyright Law (1993) -- 3. Specific Legislation and Executive Decrees.

4. The Accession to International Copyright Conventions.