Studies on German-Language Islands -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- List of contributors -- Why study Sprachinseln from generative or structural perspectives? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Answering the 'why question' -- 3. Scope and content of the contributions -- References -- Section 1. Phonetics & Phonology -- On Final Laryngeal Distinctions in Wisconsin Standard German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background and Rationale -- 3. The present study -- 4. Perception of Wisconsin German final obstruents -- 4.1 Perception of Manitowoc (Speaker with ancestry near Kiel) final obstruents -- 4.2 Perception of Ozaukee (Speaker with ancestry in Pomerania) final obstruents -- 5. Acoustic analysis -- 5.1 Data from Manitowoc (speaker with ancestry in Kiel) -- 5.2 Data from Ozaukee (speaker with ancestry in Pomerania) -- 6. Implications for Wisconsin English -- 7. Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Past participles in Mòcheno -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. Past participle formation in Mòcheno -- 3. The allomorphs /ga-/ and [−cont, −voice] -- 4. Alignment -- 5. Distribution of voiced and voiceless obstruents in Mòcheno -- 6. Analysis -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Section 2. Morphology & Lexical studies -- Plautdietsch gender -- 1. Introduction -- 2. (Socio-)linguistic history of Henderson Plautdietsch -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The homelands -- 2.2.1 Language in the homelands -- 2.3 Prussia -- 2.3.1 Language contact in Prussia -- 2.4 New Russia -- 2.4.1 Language contact in New Russia -- 2.5 United States of America -- 2.5.1 Language contact in America -- 2.6 Summary -- 3. Gender contrasts in Plautdietsch -- 3.1 Mixed gender systems -- 3.2 Grammatical gender -- 3.2.1 Grammatical gender loss -- 3.3 Semantic gender -- 3.3.1 Indefinite article targets -- 3.4 Conclusion.

4. Gender-animacy -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Notes on explanatory adequacy -- 4.2.1 Animate-inanimate asymmetry -- 4.2.2 Animacy and gender deflection -- 4.2.3 Default gender -- 4.2.4 Gender deflection and the lack of feminine-neuter pairings -- 5. Gender-animacy in Plautdietsch -- 5.1 Gender -- 5.1.1 Gender attrition -- 5.2 Animacy -- 5.3 Hybrid nouns -- 5.3.1 Pronouns versus attributives -- 5.3.2 Indefinite articles versus other attributive targets -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 6. Acquisition and variation -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Anaphors in contact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Intensifiers and reflexives in Germanic Languages: Dutch, English, and German -- 2.1 Dutch -- 2.2 German -- 2.3 English -- 3. Reflexives in Amana German -- 4. Conclusions & directions for future research -- References -- Lexical developments in Texas German* -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The history of Texas German -- 3. The Texas German Dialect Project -- 4. Lexical borrowing -- 4.1 Social contexts supporting borrowing -- 4.2 Structural constraints on borrowing -- 4.3 Earlier accounts of borrowings into TxG -- 4.4 Evaluation of earlier accounts -- 5. Lexical borrowings in present-day TxG -- 6. Lexical erosion in present-day TxG? -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Gender Assignment of English Loanwords in Pennsylvania German -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Previous research on gender assignment of English loanwords in PG -- 3. Statistical analysis of gender assignment -- 3.1 Gender assignment of monosyllabic English loanwords -- 3.2 Gender distribution in PG tested against Standard German -- 3.3 Phonological shape and gender assignment -- 4. Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Section 3. Syntax I - Verb clusters -- Synchrony and diachrony of verb clusters in Pennsylvania Dutch -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Verb clusters in modern Pennsylvania Dutch.

3. Verb clusters in earlier Pennsylvania Dutch -- 3.1 Verb clusters with modals -- 3.2 Verb clusters with causatives -- 3.3 Verb clusters with auxiliaries -- 3.4 Verb clusters with verbs of perception -- 3.5 Summary: Change from earlier to modern Pennsylvania Dutch -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Looking for order in chaos -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Mennonites -- 3. The data set -- 4. The five linguistic phenomena investigated -- 5. General analysis of all six colonies -- 6. Specific analyses of the three colonies in Brazil and Paraguay -- 6.1 Menno, Paraguay -- 6.2 Fernheim, Paraguay -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 4. Syntax II - The syntax of Cimbrian German -- Spoken syntax in Cimbrian of the linguistic islands in Northern Italy - and what they (do not) betray about language universals and change under areal contact with Italo-Romance -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Cimbrian German: What is this anyway? -- 1.2 Presuppositions and consequences -- 1.3 Assumptions about linguistic change to be confirmed, or disconfirmed, by Cimbrian German -- 1.3.1 -- 1.3.2 -- 1.3.3 -- 1.3.4 -- 1.3.5 -- 1.3.6 -- 1.3.7 -- 1.4 -- 1.5 Conclusions for Cimbrian -- 1.5.1 -- 1.5.2 -- 1.5.3 -- 2. The facts - illustrations from Cimbrian dialects -- 3. ad (iii) above - strict V2 as well as subject inversion -- 3.1 Non-subjects in the Fore Field (=SpecCP) -- 3.2 Instead of subject-NP-inversion, there is only pronominal clitic inversion -- 3.3 Strict V2 given up in favor of Romance topic/thema-V3/4 -- 3.3 Conclusion -- 4. ad (i2) above: Serialization in the multi-layered verbal complex -- 4.1 Auxiliary-main verb serialization -- 4.2 Speech act morpheme serialization (mood, tense, aspect, (modality) -- 4.3 -- 4.4 -- 5. CP-cliticization next to the variant TP-cliticization -- 5.1 German pronominal cliticization to Comp -- 5.2.

5.3 Just for Luserna: Comp-CL in relative and dependent interrogative clauses -- 5.4 The deeper link between pronoun cliticization and predicate position -- 5.5 Typological comparison -- 5.6 -- 6. Clear grammatical calque from Italian? -- 7. The Cimbrian phenomena in the light of South German dialect characteristics - late contact transfer or no contact transfer at all? -- 7.1 Clitic doubling (CD) -- 7.2 Dative-object differentiation (DOM) -- 8. Processing facilitation -- 8.1 Double perfect before the background of the South German preterite demise (Oberdeutscher Präteritumsschwund, OPS) -- 8.2 Obligatory tun "do" as finite auxiliary in the declarative clause -- 8.3 Subjunction inflection -- 8.4 Serialization of elements in the V-complex -- 9. Concluding generalizations -- 9.1 -- 9.2 -- 9.3 -- 9.4 -- 9.4.1 -- 9.4.2 -- 9.4.3 -- 9.5 Contact-induced grammaticalization: The research status quo -- 9.5.1 The present claim -- 9.5.2 Central claims of change under contact: Copying of foreign structures under sociolinguistic pressure? -- 9.5.3 Cimbrian as an autonomous grammatical calque of IR? -- 10. Summary -- 10.1 -- 10.2 -- 10.3 -- 10.4 -- 10.5 -- 10.6 -- 10.7 -- 10.8 -- 10.9 -- 10.10 -- 10.11 -- Cited references -- Bibliographical titles belonging to the field, beyond the author quotes in the present article -- Diachronic clues to grammaticalization phenomena in the Cimbrian CP -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Complementation systems in Cimbrian -- 2.1 Two series of Complementizers -- 2.2 Syntactic aspects of ke and az. -- 3. The diachronic data collected -- 3.1 The "evolution" of ke -- 3.2 Z'sega -- 4. Analysis: The ongoing changes in the Cimbrian CP -- 4.1 Ke -- 4.1.1 A parallel -- 4.2 Z'sega -- 4.3 Old specs, new heads -- 4.3.1 Be -- 4.3.2 Da' -- References -- Hidden verb second -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Luserna Cimbrian as a V2 language.

3. The problem of subject inversion -- 4. The complementizers system of Cimbrian -- 4.1 Separable prefixes -- 4.2 Negation and verb movement -- 4.3 The particle da -- 4.4 Clitic pronouns -- 5. Verb and complementizer movement -- 6. Subject clitic inversion in embedded contexts -- 7. Verb movement and the position of wh-elements -- 8. V2, V3 and subject positions -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Revisiting the Wackernagelposition -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The diachronic syntax of Cimbrian object pronouns -- 2.1 The Cimbrian catechism of 1602 -- 2.2 The Cimbrian catechism of 1813 -- 2.3 The Cimbrian of Dez Dink vo' der Prucka -- 3. The diachronic syntax of Cimbrian personal object pronouns: An explanation -- 3.1 The left periphery of the clause between Cat.1602, Cat.1813 and Bar.1906: Romance expanded CP or German unexpanded CP? -- 3.2 The middle of the clause between Cat.1602, Cat.1813 and Bar.1906 -- 3.3 The intermediate area between the left periphery and the center of the clause structure from Cat.1602 to Bar.1906 -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Section 5. Syntax III - The syntax of Pennsylvania German -- Changes in frequency as a measure of language change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. Results -- 4. Why look at event-related adverbs in this context? -- 5. Methods -- 6. Results -- 7. Summary -- References -- From preposition to purposive to infinitival marker -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Germanic for…to infinitivals in purposives and beyond -- 3. Pennsylvania German fer…zu -- 3.1 Background -- 3.2 Early Pennsylvania German -- 3.3 The distribution of fer(…zu) clauses in contemporary (WC)PG -- 3.4 Historical development -- 3.4.1 From benefactive to infinitival marker -- 3.4.2 The loss of zu -- 3.5 Remnants of zu and variation in complementation types -- 3.6 Structural changes -- 4. Conclusions -- References.

Section 6. Pragmatics & Conversation analysis.