Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Detailed Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Introduction -- Reform and Renewal in Islamic Thought: Origins and Evolution -- Reform Movements as Responses to External Threats and -- Encounter with Modernity -- Modernity and Imperialism -- Non-European Responses to Modernity -- Muslim Responses to Modernity: A Historical Perspective -- Afghani, Abduh, and the New Islamic Reformism -- Ascendance of the Modernizers: An Ephemeral Victory? -- The Return of Islam: A Reaction to Modernization or Its Result? -- Contemporary Muslim Reformist Movements: Genesis and Ideas -- Success and Disillusionment: The Case of Iran -- Failure and Its Consequences: Turkey and the Arab World -- The Rise of Extremism and the Changing International System -- Islamic Reformist Thinking: Early Debates and Themes -- Reason versus Tradition -- Literalism versus Contextualism -- Current Islamic Reformist Thinking: Diverse Influences and Common Traits -- Structure and Methodology of This Book -- A Note on Spelling and Transliteration -- 1. Islamic Reformist Discourse in Iran Proponents and Prospects -- Tradition and Modernity: The Still Relevant Paradigm -- Iranian Responses to Modernity: Historical Background -- The Pahlavi Era: Modernization Without Modernity -- Islamic Forces Under the Pahlavis -- Islamic Reformist Thinking Before the Revolution: Revivers and Intellectuals -- Revivers of Islam -- Ayatullah Murtaza Mutahari -- Ayatullah Muhammad Husseini Beheshti -- Ayatullah Mahmud Taleqani: Reviver and Intellectual -- Religious Intellectuals -- Mehdi Bazargan and the Scientific Reading of Islam -- Ali Shariati: The Ideologue of the Islamic Revolution? -- Shariati's Vision of Islam -- Shariati and Marxism -- Islam, Government, and Revolution.

Islamic Revolution: Impact on Islamic Reformist Thinking -- Typology of Reformist Thinkers -- Reformist Clerics -- Hujat al-Islam Muhammad Khatami -- Ayatullah Hussein Ali Muntazeri -- Ayatullah Yussef Saanei -- Ayatullah Muhammad Moussavi Bojnourdi -- Hujat al-Islam Muhsen Kadivar -- Sheikh Abdullah Nouri -- Ex-Clerics -- Muhammad Mujtahed Shabestari -- Preconceptions of Fuqaha and the Limits of Fiqh -- Governance, Democracy, and Human Rights -- Muhsen Saidzadeh -- Yussefi Eshkevari -- Ahmad Qabel -- Lay Religious Reformists -- Abdolkarim Soroush -- Mustafa Malekian -- Ali Reza Alavitabar -- Emmad Eddin Baqi -- Conclusions -- 2. Reformist and Moderate Voices of Islam in the Arab East -- The Range and Characteristics of Reformist and Moderate Discourses -- Intermediary Islam and the Muslim Brotherhood -- New Reformist Projects -- The Syrian Reform Project -- The Egyptian Reform Project -- Other Reform Projects -- Enlightened Islam -- Islamic Left -- Democracy and Muslim Moderates -- Muslim Reformist Activists -- Hisham Ga'far -- Mohammad Mus'ad -- Ahmad Abdullah -- Magdi Sa'id -- 'Amr Abu Khalil -- Ahmad Muhammad and Muhammad abd al-Gawwad -- Peaceful Islam: The "Repentants" (al-Ta'ibun) -- Gamal Sultan and al-Manar al-Jadid -- Liberal Islam -- Abd el-Aziz al-Kasim -- Abdallah al-Hamid -- Hassan al-Malki -- Mansour al-Nogaidan -- Muhammad Sa'id Tayyeb -- 'A'id al-Quirni -- Practical Objectives of Saudi Reformist Discourse -- The New Preachers (al-Du'ah al-Judud) -- Shi'a Moderate and Reformist Thinking -- Conclusions -- 3. Reformist Islamic Thinkers in the Maghreb Toward an Islamic Age of Enlightenment? -- Islamic Reformist Thinking in the Maghreb: A Brief History -- Post-Independence Nation Building: Impact on the Evolution of Islamic Discourse -- Maghreb's Muslim Reformist Thinkers: Who Are They? -- The Philosophy of Reformist Thinkers.

Methodologies of Reformist Thinkers -- Reformist Muslim Thinkers and the State of the Arab-Islamic World -- Reformist Scholars and Contemporary Political and Social Issues -- Secularism and Democracy -- Freedom of Conscience, Human Rights, Individual Liberties -- Women's Rights -- Moderate Islamist Parties -- Conclusions -- 4. Islamic Modernist and Reformist Discourse in South Asia -- The Pioneers of Islamic Reformism and Modernism -- Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan and Muslim Modernism: Philosophy and Methodology -- Sir Sayyid's Disciples -- Mulawi Chriaq Ali: Advancing Sir Sayyid's Reformist Agenda -- Mahdi Ali Khan (Muhsin al-Mulk): A More Cautious Reformism -- Sayyid Mumtaz Ali: Defender of Women's Rights -- Muhammad Iqbal: Reconstruction of Islamic Thought -- Iqbal's Religious Philosophy: The Self and the Purpose of Life -- Iqbal's Epistemology -- Iqbal and the "Reconstruction" of Religious Thought in Islam -- Iqbal's Views on Democracy -- Iqbal's Views on Women -- Fazlur Rahman: Pakistan's Influential Reformist Thinker -- Fazlur Rahman's Philosophy and Methodology -- Fazlur Rahman's Views on Revelation -- Fazlur Rahman's Views on Democracy -- Fazlur Rahman's Views on Women's Rights -- Muhammad Khalid Masud: Keeper of the Reformist Tradition -- Khalid Masud's Philosophy and Methodology -- Khalid Masud's View on Democracy -- Khalid Masud's Views on Pluralism in Islam -- Khalid Masud and Review of the Hudud Ordinances (1979) -- Riffat Hassan: Theology of Women in the Islamic Tradition -- Riffat Hassan's Methodology for Interpreting Islamic Texts -- Javed Ahmad Ghamidi: Contemporary Reformist Thinker in Pakistan -- Javed Ahmad Ghamidi's Approach to Interpreting Islamic Texts -- Javed Ahmad Ghamidi's Views on Governance and Democracy -- Javed Ahmad Ghamidi's Views on Women -- Asghar Ali Engineer: India's Reformist Scholar-Activist.

Asghar Ali Engineer: A Leader of the Dawoodi Bohra Reform Movement -- Asghar Ali Engineer's Philosophy and Methodology -- Yoginder Singh Sikand: A Moderate Muslim Voice in India -- Conclusions -- 5. Liberal and Progressive Voices in Indonesian Islam -- The Beginnings of Islamic Reform in Indonesia -- Reformist Movements and Organizations: A Brief History -- The Traditionalist Reaction -- Politicization of Islamic Reformism -- From Party Politics to Da'wa -- Nurcholish Madjid and the Movement for "Renewal of Religious Thought" -- First Provocative Ideas -- The Yogyakarta Group and Intellectual Influences on the Renewal Movement -- The Renewal Movement and the New Order -- Institutionalization of the Renewal Movement: Paramadina -- Core Elements in Nurcholish's Thought -- Traditionalist Islam, the Pesantren, and the Search for a Socially Relevant Fiqh -- Abdurrahman Wahid: Maverick Modern Traditionalist -- Nahdatul Ulama, NGO Activists, and the "Fiqh of Social Questions" -- Gender Issues, Liberation Theology, and Human Rights in Traditionalist Circles -- Women's Rights -- Developing a Rights-Based Islamic Discourse -- Institutional Networks -- The "Five Basic Needs" as a Basis for an Islamic Human Rights Discourse -- Eclecticism, Social Activism, and Discourse -- Post-Suharto Developments -- Inter-Religious Tensions and the Defense of Religious Pluralism -- The Liberal Islam Network -- Conclusions -- 6. Reformist Muslim Thinkers in Malaysia Engaging with Power to Uplift the Umma? -- Reformist Islam in Historical Context -- Early Reformist Thinkers -- The Traditionalist/Reformist Encounter -- Fighting Islam with Islam: Malaysia's State-Sponsored Islamization -- Imperatives of Development and Islam -- Statist, Modernist, Developmentalist Islam -- Power and Patronage: Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas and the Pitfalls of State Power.

The Failure of State-Sponsored Islamic Reformism -- Liminality and Critique: Chandra Muzaffar and the Struggle for Reform in Islam -- Other Reformist Voices -- Kassim Ahmad, the Critic of Hadith -- Islamic Feminism -- Emerging Reformist Clergy -- Has "Reformist Islam" Become a Hostage to Malaysian Politics? -- 7. Islamic Reformist Discourses and Intellectuals in Turkey Permanent Religion with Dynamic Law -- The Fall of the Empire and the Rise of the Republic -- Opposition, Resistance, and the Development of Turkish Democracy -- Islamic Reformist Thinkers in the Republican Era -- Transitional Figures -- Second Generation -- Third Generation -- Reforming Islam from Within: Revival or Inner Secularization? -- Reform via Usul al-Fiqh -- Hayrettin Karaman -- Fethullah Gülen -- Reform via Historicism -- Historicity of the Qur'an: Ömer Özsoy and Mehmet Paçacı -- Historicity of the Hadith: Hayri Kırbaşoğ lu -- Historicity of Theology: İlhami Güler -- Historicity of the Law: Practical Questions -- Reform and Sufi Thought -- Conclusions -- 8. Reformist and Moderate Voices in European Islam -- Muslim Immigration to Europe -- Economic Downturn and Social Revolution: Challenges to Europe's Muslims -- Major Questions Facing Europe's Muslims -- Moderate and Reformist Muslim Responses: Defining Moderation and Reform -- Traditional, Moderate, and Reformist Muslim Associations -- Positions of Muslim Organizations on Key Issues in European-Muslim Relations -- Transnational Organizations -- The New Muslim Intellectuals -- Global Islamic Intellectuals: Tariq Ramadan -- Building Bridges Between Muslims and British Society: Zaki Badawi -- The New Middle-Class Intellectual: Ziauddin Sardar and "Mere Islam" -- Other British Muslim Reformists -- Free-Floating Muslim Intellectuals -- Self-Proclaimed Preachers: The Case of Hassan Iquioussen.

Imam of Muslims as a Religious Minority: The Case of Tariq Oubrou.