Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Foreword to the Second Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Chapter 1: Historical Developments -- 1.1 Precyanidation: Pre-1888 -- 1.1.1 Early History -- 1.1.2 European Developments to 1848 -- 1.1.3 Gold Rush Era -- 1.1.4 Early Hydrometallurgy -- 1.1.5 Early Pyrometallurgy -- 1.2 Cyanidation: 1889-1971 -- 1.2.1 Invention of Cyanidation -- 1.2.2 Flowsheet Development -- 1.2.3 Activated Carbon -- 1.2.4 Changing Economic Climate -- 1.3 Era of Major Technological Development: 1972-2000 -- 1.3.1 CIP Revolution -- 1.3.2 Heap Leaching -- 1.3.3 Refractory Ores -- 1.4 Into the 21st Century -- References -- Chapter 2: Ore Deposits and Process Mineralogy -- 2.1 Gold Minerals -- 2.1.1 Native Gold -- 2.1.2 Electrum -- 2.1.3 Gold Tellurides -- 2.1.4 Other Gold Minerals -- 2.1.5 Gold with Sulfides -- 2.2 Classification of Gold-Bearing Materials -- 2.3 Placers -- 2.3.1 Formation of Placers -- 2.3.2 Commercial Significance -- 2.3.3 Gold Mineralogy -- 2.4 Free-Milling Ores -- 2.4.1 Palaeoplacers and Quartz Vein Gold Ores -- 2.4.2 Other Hard Rock Ores -- 2.5 Oxidized Ores -- 2.6 Silver-Rich Ores -- 2.7 Iron Sulfides -- 2.7.1 Pyrite -- 2.7.2 Marcasite -- 2.7.3 Pyrrhotite -- 2.8 Arsenic Sulfides -- 2.8.1 Arsenopyrite -- 2.8.2 Orpiment -- 2.8.3 Realgar -- 2.9 Copper Sulfides -- 2.9.1 Chalcopyrite -- 2.9.2 Other Copper Sulfides -- 2.10 Antimony Sulfides -- 2.10.1 Aurostibnite -- 2.10.2 Stibnite -- 2.11 Tellurides -- 2.12 Carbonaceous Ores -- 2.13 Gravity Concentrates -- 2.14 Flotation Concentrates -- 2.15 Tailings -- 2.15.1 Gravity Concentration Tailings -- 2.15.2 Cyanidation Tailings -- 2.15.3 Flotation Tailings -- 2.16 Refinery Materials -- 2.16.1 Calcine -- 2.16.2 Roaster Dust -- 2.16.3 Anode Slime -- 2.16.4 Slag -- 2.17 Recycled Gold -- 2.18 Determinative Methods.

2.18.1 Ore Composition -- 2.18.2 Textural Characteristics -- 2.18.3 Special Factors in Placer Ore Evaluation -- 2.18.4 Process Stream Mineralogy -- References -- Chapter 3: Process Selection -- 3.1 Factors Affecting Process Selection -- 3.1.1 Geological -- 3.1.2 Mineralogical -- 3.1.3 Metallurgical -- 3.1.4 Environmental -- 3.1.5 Geographical -- 3.1.6 Economic and Political -- 3.2 Unit Process Options -- 3.2.1 Comminution -- 3.2.2 Classification -- 3.2.3 Solid-Liquid Separation -- 3.2.4 Ore Concentration -- 3.2.5 Oxidative Pretreatment -- 3.2.6 Leaching -- 3.2.7 Solution Purification and Concentration -- 3.2.8 Recovery -- 3.2.9 Refining -- 3.2.10 Effluent Treatment -- 3.3 Flowsheet Options -- 3.3.1 Placers -- 3.3.2 Free-Milling and Oxidized Ores -- 3.3.3 Nonrefractory Sulfidic Gold Ores -- 3.3.4 Refractory Sulfidic Gold Ores -- 3.3.5 Silver-Rich Ores -- 3.3.6 Carbonaceous Ores -- 3.3.7 Gold-Telluride Ores -- 3.3.8 Copper-Gold Ores -- 3.3.9 Gravity Concentrates -- 3.3.10 Flotation Concentrates -- 3.3.11 Gold Recovery from Leach Solutions and Slurries -- 3.3.12 Refining -- 3.4 Cost Considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Principles of Gold Hydrometallurgy -- 4.1 Reaction Chemistry of Gold -- 4.1.1 Gold-Water Reactions -- 4.1.2 Gold Complexes -- 4.2 Chemical Equilibria -- 4.2.1 Definition of Equilibrium -- 4.2.2 Electrochemical Considerations -- 4.2.3 Activities and Concentrations -- 4.2.4 pH Scale and pH Modification -- 4.2.5 Complexation -- 4.2.6 Solubility of Solids -- 4.2.7 Solubility of Gases -- 4.2.8 Deposition of Gold from Solution -- 4.2.9 Graphical Representation of Equilibria -- 4.3 Reaction Kinetics -- 4.3.1 Modeling of Kinetics -- 4.3.2 Mass Transport -- 4.3.3 Absorption of Gases in Liquids -- 4.3.4 Electrochemical Reactions -- 4.3.5 Particulate Factors in Solid-Liquid Systems -- 4.4 Experimental Methods.

4.4.1 Measurement of Solution Potentials -- 4.4.2 Rotating Disc Electrodes -- 4.4.3 Potential Sweep Methods -- References -- Chapter 5: Oxidative Pretreatment -- 5.1 Hydrometallurgical Sulfide Oxidation -- 5.1.1 Iron Sulfides -- 5.1.2 Arsenic Sulfides -- 5.1.3 Copper Sulfides -- 5.1.4 Other Sulfides -- 5.1.5 Sulfur -- 5.1.6 Precipitation Reactions -- 5.2 Oxygen: Low-Pressure Oxidation -- 5.2.1 Reaction Chemistry -- 5.2.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 5.2.3 Process Considerations -- 5.3 Oxygen: High-Pressure Acidic Oxidation -- 5.3.1 Reaction Chemistry -- 5.3.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 5.3.3 Behavior of Other Species -- 5.3.4 Process Considerations -- 5.4 Oxygen: High-Pressure Nonacidic Oxidation -- 5.4.1 Reaction Chemistry and Conditions -- 5.4.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 5.4.3 Process Considerations -- 5.5 Nitric Acid Oxidation -- 5.5.1 Reaction Chemistry -- 5.5.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 5.5.3 Process Considerations -- 5.6 Chlorine Oxidation -- 5.6.1 Chlorine Chemistry -- 5.6.2 Deactivation of Carbonaceous Material -- 5.6.3 Sulfide Oxidation -- 5.6.4 Effect of Other Ore Constituents -- 5.6.5 Process Considerations -- 5.7 Biological Oxidation -- 5.7.1 Reaction Chemistry and Mechanism -- 5.7.2 Reaction Kinetics and Operating Conditions -- 5.7.3 Process Considerations -- 5.8 Pyrometallurgical Oxidation -- 5.8.1 Roasting Reaction Chemistry -- 5.8.2 Roasting Kinetics and Efficiency -- 5.8.3 Roasting Process Considerations -- 5.8.4 Microwave Energy -- References -- Chapter 6: Leaching -- 6.1 Cyanidation -- 6.1.1 Chemistry of Cyanide Solutions -- 6.1.2 Gold Dissolution -- 6.1.3 Reaction Kinetics -- 6.1.4 Behavior of Other Minerals in Alkaline Cyanide Solutions -- 6.1.5 Process Considerations -- 6.2 Chlorination -- 6.2.1 Mechanism of Gold Dissolution -- 6.2.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 6.2.3 Behavior of Other Minerals in Chloride Solution -- 6.2.4 Process Considerations.

6.3 Thiosulfate -- 6.3.1 Reaction Chemistry and Kinetics -- 6.3.2 Process Considerations -- 6.4 Thiourea -- 6.4.1 Reaction Chemistry and Kinetics -- 6.4.2 Process Considerations -- 6.5 Thiocyanate -- 6.6 Ammonia -- 6.7 Other Lixiviants -- References -- Chapter 7: Solution Purification and Concentration -- 7.1 Carbon Adsorption -- 7.1.1 Properties of Activated Carbon -- 7.1.2 Adsorption from Cyanide Solutions -- 7.1.3 Elution -- 7.1.4 Carbon Fouling and Reactivation -- 7.1.5 Process Considerations -- 7.1.6 Adsorption from Noncyanide Solutions -- 7.2 Ion Exchange Resins -- 7.2.1 Properties of Resins -- 7.2.2 Adsorption from Cyanide Solutions -- 7.2.3 Elution and Regeneration -- 7.2.4 Process Considerations -- 7.2.5 Adsorption from Noncyanide Solutions -- 7.3 Solvent Extraction -- 7.3.1 General Principles -- 7.3.2 Extraction Systems -- 7.3.3 Process Considerations -- References -- Chapter 8: Recovery -- 8.1 Zinc Precipitation -- 8.1.1 Reaction Chemistry -- 8.1.2 Reaction Kinetics and Factors Affecting Efficiency -- 8.1.3 Process Considerations -- 8.2 Aluminum Precipitation -- 8.3 Electrowinning -- 8.3.1 Electrowinning Fundamentals -- 8.3.2 Reaction Chemistry -- 8.3.3 Reaction Kinetics and Factors Affecting Efficiency -- 8.3.4 Process Considerations -- 8.4 Recovery from Noncyanide Solutions -- References -- Chapter 9: Surface Chemical Methods -- 9.1 Principles of Surface Chemistry -- 9.1.1 Mineral-Water Interface -- 9.1.2 Hydrophobicity -- 9.1.3 Surface Chemistry of Gold -- 9.1.4 Reagents -- 9.2 Flotation -- 9.2.1 Application of Flotation -- 9.2.2 Gold -- 9.2.3 Gold Tellurides -- 9.2.4 Sulfide Minerals -- 9.2.5 Carbonaceous Matter -- 9.2.6 Silicates -- 9.2.7 Process Considerations -- 9.3 Amalgamation -- 9.3.1 Properties of Mercury -- 9.3.2 Factors Affecting Amalgamation -- 9.3.3 Process Considerations -- 9.4 Coal-Gold Agglomeration -- References.

Chapter 10: Refining -- 10.1 Pyrometallurgy of Gold -- 10.2 Acid Leaching -- 10.2.1 Zinc Precipitates and High-Grade Sludges -- 10.2.2 Loaded Cathodes -- 10.2.3 Other Materials -- 10.3 Pyrometallurgical Methods for Crude Bullion Production -- 10.3.1 Mercury Removal by Retorting -- 10.3.2 Roasting (Calcining) -- 10.3.3 Smelting -- 10.4 Bullion Refining -- 10.4.1 Pyrometallurgical Refining -- 10.4.2 Electrolytic Refining -- 10.4.3 Hydrometallurgical Refining -- 10.4.4 Refining Operations -- References -- Chapter 11: Effluent Treatment -- 11.1 Types of Waste and Effluent Control Parameters -- 11.1.1 Gases -- 11.1.2 Solids -- 11.1.3 Liquids -- 11.2 Reagent and Metals Recovery -- 11.2.1 Direct Solution Recycle -- 11.2.2 Acidification, Volatilization, and Reneutralization -- 11.2.3 Ion Exchange -- 11.2.4 Activated Carbon -- 11.2.5 Electrolytic Treatment -- 11.2.6 Sulfide Precipitation -- 11.2.7 Ion Precipitate Flotation -- 11.3 Detoxification -- 11.3.1 Dilution -- 11.3.2 Cyanide -- 11.3.3 Metals -- References -- Chapter 12: Industrial Applications -- 12.1 Distribution of Process Technology -- 12.2 Industrial Process Flowsheets -- 12.2.1 Placers -- 12.2.2 Free-Milling Ores -- 12.2.3 Silver-Rich Ores -- 12.2.4 Refractory Iron Sulfide Ores -- 12.2.5 Refractory Arsenopyritic Ores -- 12.2.6 Copper-Rich Ores -- 12.2.7 Refractory Antimony Sulfide Ores -- 12.2.8 Telluride Ores -- 12.2.9 Carbonaceous Ores -- 12.2.10 Tailings -- 12.2.11 Refining -- References -- Appendix A: Symbols and Abbreviations -- Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors -- Selected Bibliography -- About the Authors.