Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 An Introduction to the MycoRed Project -- Introduction -- MycoRed Objectives -- MycoRed Structure -- Social and Economic Impact -- Conclusions -- References -- Part I The Maize Grain Chain -- 2 Identification of Toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium Species in the Maize Grain Chain -- Introduction -- Morphological Identification of Aflatoxin-Producing A. flavus and A. parasiticus -- Morphological Identification of Toxin-Producing Fusarium Species -- Cladal Relationship and Organization of the Toxin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster -- Aspergillus -- Fusarium -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Determination of Mycotoxins in Maize -- Introduction -- Aflatoxin -- Sampling -- Extraction and Cleanup -- Thin Layer Chromatography -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Immunological Methods -- Fumonisins -- Sampling -- Extraction and Cleanup -- Thin Layer Chromatography -- High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Immunological Methods -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Breeding Maize for Resistance to Mycotoxins -- Introduction -- Techniques for Phenotyping Ear Rot and Mycotoxin Contamination -- Natural and Artificial Infection Techniques -- Analysis of Fungal and Mycotoxin Contamination -- Sources and Genetics of Resistance -- Traits Providing Resistance to Ear Rots -- Genomic Resources for Analyzing Fusarium and Aspergillus-Maize Interactions -- Genes Providing Resistance to Fungal Infection -- Molecular Markers and QTL Mapping -- Transgenic Approaches to Reduce Ear Rots and Mycotoxin Accumulation -- Resistance to Insect Feeding -- Maize Genes with Antifungal Properties -- Detoxification/Prevention of Mycotoxins Accumulation -- Future Prospects -- References.

5 Crop Management Practices to Minimize the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Temperate-Zone Maize -- Introduction -- Pre-planting Management Decisions -- Hybrid Selection -- Crop Rotation and Tillage Practices -- Planting Date -- Fertilization -- Planting Density -- Seed Treatment -- Post-planting Management Decisions -- Insect Management -- Irrigation Management -- Weed Management -- Harvest Date and Practices -- Integration of Risk Management Tactics -- Risk Assessment or Prediction Modeling -- Discussion -- Hybrid Selection -- Insect Control -- Planting Date -- Crop Rotation and Tillage Practices -- Irrigation Management -- Timely Harvest -- Plant Density -- Other Practices -- References -- 6 Best Stored Maize Management Practices for the Prevention of Mycotoxin Contamination -- Introduction -- Fungal Source -- Factors Affecting Fungal Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis -- Equilibrium Moisture Content of Maize -- Common Fungi and Mycotoxins in Maize -- Harvest Considerations -- Maize Drying -- Mechanical Damage, Broken Kernels, and Foreign Materials -- Condensation -- The SLAM Strategy -- Sanitation -- Loading -- Aeration -- Monitoring -- CO2 Monitoring -- Treating Mycotoxin-Contaminated Maize Grain -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Good Food-Processing Techniques: Stability of Mycotoxins in Processed Maize-Based Foods -- Introduction -- Mycotoxins -- Effects of Food Processing -- Sorting, Trimming, and Cleaning -- Milling -- Brewing -- Thermal Processing -- Maize Flake Process -- Extrusion Processing -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Mycotoxin Reduction in Animal Diets -- Introduction -- Adsorption of Mycotoxins -- Use of Inorganic Adsorbents -- Organic Adsorbents -- Biological Detoxification -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Physical and Chemical Methods for Mycotoxin Decontamination in Maize -- Introduction.

Physical Methods-Removal of Contaminated Materials -- Sorting -- Sieving-Cleaning -- Removal of Contaminated Maize: Flotation and Density Segregation -- Washing with a Sodium Carbonate Solution -- Dehulling -- Milling -- Steeping -- Physical Methods-Mycotoxin Inactivation -- Irradiation -- Physical Methods-Conclusions -- Chemical Methods -- Ammoniation -- Ozonation -- Nixtamalization -- H2O2/NaHCO3 -- Sodium Bisulfite -- Reducing Sugars -- Citric Acid -- Other Chemical Treatments -- Chemical Methods-Conclusions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Aflatoxin B1 Chemoprevention Strategies in Countries with Frequent Exposure to Mycotoxins -- Introduction -- Aflatoxins -- Chemoprevention -- Aflatoxin B1 Metabolism -- Oltipraz -- Sulforaphane -- Green Tea Polyphenols -- Other Compounds -- Uptake Inhibitors -- NovaSil Clay -- Chlorophyllin -- Probiotics -- Summary -- References -- Part II The Wheat Grain Chain -- 11 Identification of Fusarium spp. and Penicillium verrucosum in the Wheat Grain Chain -- Introduction -- The Problem of Fusarium and Its Toxins in Wheat: Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) -- Trichothecenes -- The F. graminearum Species Complex -- PCR Methods to Detect Fusarium in Wheat -- PCR Detection with Conserved Genes -- Prediction of Chemotypes in F. graminearum and Related Species -- New Detection Platforms -- Microarrays -- DGGE-ARMS -- Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism -- Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay -- Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors -- Other Novel Technologies -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- The Problem of Penicillium and Its Toxins in Wheat -- PCR Methods to Detect P.verrucosum in Wheat -- RT-PCR Methods for Quantification and Monitoring of P.verrucosum in Wheat -- Targeting DNA by RT-PCR -- The Application of Novel Platforms -- Outlook -- References.

12 Analytical Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain -- Introduction -- Screening Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain -- Dipstick and Lateral Flow Devices -- Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay Screening -- Validation of Screening Assays -- Official Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain -- AOAC International -- Comité Européen de Normalisation -- Inter-laboratory Validated Methods for Determining Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain -- Research Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain -- Chromatographic Methods Including Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) -- Emerging Technologies -- Conclusions and/or Future Perspectives -- References -- 13 Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat -- Introduction -- Mycotoxins and Their Origin -- The Wheat/Fusarium Breeding System -- Pathogen Population, Composition and Its Significance -- Specialized vs. Nonspecific Resistance -- Inoculum Use -- What is Measured in a Resistance Test? -- Repeatability of Results -- Progress in QTL Research and Resistance Sources -- Regulation of Toxin Contamination -- The Transgenic Approach -- How Does a Breeding System Operate? -- Summary and Outlook -- References -- 14 Good Agricultural and Harvest Practices to Reduce Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat in Temperate Countries -- Introduction -- Fusarium Head Blight -- Ergot -- Pathogen-Free Seed -- Fungicides -- Crop Rotation and Residue Management -- Irrigation -- Delayed Harvest -- Storage -- Aflatoxins -- Sterigmatocystin -- Ochratoxins -- Integrated Management to Reduce Losses from Mycotoxigenic Fungi -- Future Prospects -- References -- 15 Good Management Practices for Minimizing the Risk of Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Contamination in Nontraditional Warmer Wheat-Growing Areas -- Introduction -- Nontraditional Warmer Growing Areas Where Fusarium Head Blight Occurs.

Guidelines for Minimizing the Risk of Mycotoxins in Warmer Growing Areas: A Discussion -- Seed Treatment -- Tillage and Sowing Time -- Rotation -- Resistance and Varietal Diversification -- Chemical Control in the Field -- Harvesting -- Storage -- Sampling, Testing and Regulations -- Forecasting -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Chemical Control of Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat -- Introduction -- Factors Influencing Fungicide Effect -- Inoculum -- Variety Resistance-Host Plant Traits -- Climatic Factors -- Yield Potential -- Fungicides -- Disease Assessment in Fungicide Tests -- Results of Fungicide Experiments -- Influence on Other Diseases and the Greening Syndrome -- Biological Control -- Resistance to Fungicides -- Management Inputs -- Coverage of Heads by Fungicides -- Application Time -- Conclusions -- References -- 17 Predicting Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat -- Introduction -- Why Try to Predict Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat? -- Using Visual Estimates of Fusarium Head Blight or Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Models to Predict Deoxynivalenol Contamination -- Comparison of Models Used to Predict Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation -- Application of Prediction Models -- Challenges in Developing Mycotoxin Prediction Models -- Challenges in the Application of Mycotoxin Prediction Models -- The Future of Modeling Mycotoxins in Wheat -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 18 Good Postharvest Storage Practices for Wheat Grain -- Introduction -- Moisture Sorption Curves -- Risks of Deoxynivalenol Contamination during Grain Storage -- Risks from Ochratoxin Contamination of Wheat Grain -- Sampling Issues -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part III Other Grain Chains -- 19 Good Food and Feed Processing Techniques -- Introduction -- Aflatoxins -- Wheat -- Maize -- Rice -- Nuts -- Milk -- Beer -- Barley.

Ochratoxin A.