Continuity and Change in Grammar -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- Introduction -- 1. Approaches to continuity and change -- 2. Continuity -- 3. Change -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part I. Continuity -- Impossible changes and impossible borrowings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Final-over-Final Constraint -- 3. FOFC and diachronic change -- 3.1 OV to VO in the history of English -- 3.2 OV to VO in the history of French -- 3.3 Word-order variation in Afrikaans -- 4. FOFC and borrowing -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- What changed where? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Case study 1: Pro-drop in German -- 2.1 Pro-drop in the modern dialects -- 2.2 Pro-drop in early German -- 2.3 From Old High German to the modern dialects -- 2.3.1 The emergence of double agreement -- 2.3.2 Double agreement and the rise of pro-drop -- 2.3.3 Conclusion -- 3. Further case studies -- 3.1 Negation -- 3.2 Possessive constructions -- 3.3 The consolidation of verb-final order -- 4. Conclusion -- Primary sources -- References -- Continuity is change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Present-day Flemish en -- 2.1 En is a polarity marker in Flemish -- 2.2 En marks emphasis on polarity -- 2.2.1 Emphatic contradictions -- 2.2.2 Contradicting an expectation in negative sentences -- 3. The historical development of Flemish en -- 4. An asymmetric view of stage II -- 5. Flemish preverbal en: Continuity is change -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Using the Matrix Language Frame model to measure the extent of word-order convergence in Welsh-English bilingual speech -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Defining convergence -- 3. Previous work on convergence -- 4. Convergence and code-switching -- 5. Convergence in Welsh -- 6. The differences and similarities in Welsh and English word order -- 7. Considering the matrix language.

8. Applying the MLF model to the data -- 9. Cases where the source of the ML is not positively identifiable -- 10. The data -- 11. Results -- 12. Clauses with a dichotomous Matrix Language -- 13. Conclusions -- References -- On language contact as an inhibitor of language change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Language contact as a promoter of linguistic change -- 3. Language contact as an inhibitor of linguistic change -- 4. Historical clues for contact-induced continuity in grammar -- 4.1 Morphological and periphrastic future -- 4.2 Obligation periphrases -- 4.3 Preverbal negative concord -- 4.4 Lexical-semantic transfer with syntactic consequences -- 4.5 Deixis in demonstratives -- 4.6 Collocations -- 4.7 Prepositional uses -- 5. Summary and conclusions -- Primary sources -- References -- Towards notions of comparative continuity in English and French -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Comparative inversion in English -- 2.1 English CI involves no movement to C -- 2.2 Diachronic continuity in the syntax of CI -- 3. On the syntax of comparative inversion in French -- 3.1 CI in Modern French -- 3.2 CI in earlier French -- 4. Continuity in the syntax of CI -- 5. Open issues and conclusions -- Major corpora and primary textual sources used in this study -- References -- Variation, continuity and contact in Middle Norwegian and Middle Low German -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Domain of inquiry -- 1.2 Corpus -- 2. Quantitative analysis: OV and VO word order in Middle Norwegian and Middle Low German -- 2.1 Variables that affect OV/VO variation -- 2.2 Results -- 2.2.1 OV word order in Middle Norwegian -- 2.2.2 OV word order in Middle Low German -- 3. Discussion -- 3.1 Retention as a result of contact -- 3.2 Continuity as a result of syntactic variation -- 3.3 Change as a result of syntactic variation -- 4. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Primary sources.

Secondary sources -- Part II. Change -- Directionality in word-order change in Austronesian languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Verb-initial languages -- 3. Subject in SVO languages -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Negative co-ordination in the history of English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 3. Negation in pre-Modern English -- 4. Diachronic trends in English coordinate negation -- 5. Analysis of affirmative + negative coordination -- 6. Summary -- Primary sources -- References -- Formal features and the development of the Spanish D-system -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Assumptions -- 2. Some characteristics of the article in Old and Modern Spanish -- 2.1 Introduction: Scope of the study -- 2.2 Definite nominals -- 2.3 Generics -- 2.4. Singular vs. non-singular nouns -- 2.5 Summary -- 3. A diachronic path in the development of the Spanish D-system -- 3.1 Nominal features -- 3.2 OS and MS nominal structures: A basic difference -- 3.3 From OS1 to OS2 -- 3.4 MS stage -- 3.5 Boundaries between the sub-periods -- 3.6 Some comments on untouched issues -- 4. Summary and concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- Primary sources -- References -- The rise of OV word order in Irish verbal-noun clauses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of non-finite clauses -- 3. Verbal nouns in copular clauses -- 4. Do + verbal noun in non-copular clauses -- 5. Middle and Modern Irish developments -- 6. Conclusion -- Primary Sources -- References -- The great siSwati locative shift -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Bantu locative system -- 3. The restructuring of the siSwati locative system -- 3.1 Development of new locative morphology -- 3.2 Reanalysis of historical locative noun class prefixes as locative prepositions -- 3.3 Loss of locative verbal agreement marking -- 3.4 Loss of relative agreement except in locative relatives.

4. Accumulation of changes and the restructuring of the locative system -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- The impact of failed changes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Successful changes -- 2.1 Kroch's model -- 2.2 Evaluation of Kroch (1989) -- 3. Failed changes -- 3.1 Constructing a compelling case -- 3.2 The refuting case: The rise of the reflexive in Middle Dutch -- 4. Towards a model of failed changes -- 4.1 The model -- 4.2 Deriving the model: Accidental and inherent failures -- 4.3 The symmetry of the failed change -- 4.4 Explaining the model -- 4.5 Applying off-grammaticality to the case study -- 4.6 Evidence for the off-grammatical outset -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Do-support in positive declaratives in English revisited -- 6.2 The normalization problem -- 6.3 Calculation of the 8% level of the failed change -- 7. Should all linguistic data be considered grammatical? -- Appendix -- References -- A case of degrammaticalization in northern Swedish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Grammaticalization and degrammaticalization - A brief overview -- 2.1 Two different notions of grammaticalization -- 2.2 Two similar notions of degrammaticalization -- 3. The emergence of the verb bö -- 3.1 The verb böhöv -- 3.2 Brännström's (1933) hypothesis -- 3.3 Semantic aspects of böhöv, bö X höv and bö -- 3.4 The syntactic reanalyses of böhöv, bö X höv and bö -- 4. Is the emergence of bö a true case of degrammaticalization? -- 5. Final comments -- References -- Jespersen's Cycle in German from the phonological perspective of syllable and word languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The phonological change of German from a syllable language to a word language -- 3. Jespersen's Cycle in German from the phonological perspective -- 3.1 Old High German ni -- 3.2 Middle High German ne/en -- 3.2.1 Iwein (Low Franconian) -- 3.2.2 Nibelungenlied (Bavarian).

4. The gradual loss of the preverbal negation particle and the phonological structure of negated words -- 4. Summary -- References -- Primary sources -- Secondary references -- An article on the rise -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background and hypotheses -- 3. Sources and data -- 4. Article or demonstrative -- 4.1 The Old Bulgarian determiner system -- 4.2 Criteria -- 4.3 Other modifiers inside the nominal expression -- 5. Parameter shift and the loss of N-to-D movement -- 6. Contact-induced change? -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Language index -- Subject index -- The series Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today.