CONTENTS -- AUTHORS'APPOINTMENTS -- FOREWORD -- INTRODUCTION -- References -- 1 BRAIN PLASTICITY IN DEVELOPMENT AND DISEASE Hans Forssberg -- Introduction -- Neuroimaging methods used to study brain plasticity -- Plasticity in the developing brain -- Plasticity in the somatosensory system -- Plasticity in the motor system -- Learning of new motor skills -- Plasticity of the young damaged brain -- Clinical considerations -- References -- 2 CORTICAL CONTROL OF HAND FUNCTION Johann Kuhtz-Buschbeck and Stephan Ulmer -- The motor control system - an overview -- Neural control of hand movements -- Glossary -- References -- 3 NEUROPSYCHOLOGY OF MOVEMENT SEQUENCE LEARNING Fredrik Ullén -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Common paradigms in movement sequence learning research -- 3 Learning the ordinal structure of a movement sequence -- 4 Learning the temporal structure of a movement sequence -- 5 Developmental aspects of movement sequence learning -- 6 Individual differences in movement sequence learning ability -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 NEUROLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION AND NEURORADIOLOGY OF CEREBRAL PALSY Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann and Martin Staudt -- I Neurological classification of cerebral palsy -- II Neuroradiology of cerebral palsy and upper extremity dysfunction -- References -- 5 NORMAL ANATOMY OF THEUPPER EXTREMITYBeth Moody Jones -- Introduction -- Proximal joints and muscles -- Distal joints and muscles -- Innervation of the upper limb -- References -- 6 MUSCLE ALTERATIONS DUETO SPASTICITY Eva Pontén -- Hypertonia in childhood -- Muscle architecture -- Decreased passive extensibility -- Adhesions between muscles and muscle fibres -- Sarcomeres in series -- Intracellular alterations -- Myosins -- Summary -- References -- 7 POSTURAL CONTROL FOR REACHING AND HAND SKILLS Mindy F. Levin and Heidi Sveistrup -- Postural control.

Arm and trunk movement patterns during reaching and grasping in typicallydeveloping children -- Arm and trunk movement patterns during reaching and grasping inchildren with CP -- Interventions to improve reaching and grasping -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 VISUAL IMPAIRMENT AND CONSEQUENCES FOR HAND FUNCTION Eugenio Mercuri, Andrea Guzzetta and Giovanni Cioni -- Introduction -- Visual disorders in infants and children with brain lesions and cerebral palsy -- Vision and manipulation in normal development and cerebral palsy -- Visual ventral/dorsal stream and motor action -- Visual ventral/dorsal stream disorders in children -- References -- 9 THE ROLE OF SENSATION FORHAND FUNCTION IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Annette Majnemer, Daniel Bourbonnais and Victor Frak -- Importance of sensation for refined hand function -- Relationship between sensation and hand function in children withcerebral palsy -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE UPPER LIMB IN CHILDREN Jeanne R. Charles -- Introduction -- Systems influencing functional development of the upper extremity -- Atypical development due to prenatal/perinatal CNS damage -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 BIMANUAL COORDINATION IN CHILDREN WITH HEMIPLEGIC CEREBRAL PALSY Andrew M. Gordon and Bert Steenbergen -- Neural control and development of bimanual coordination in typicallydeveloping children -- Coordination of bimanual movements in children with hemiplegic CP -- Rehabilitation of bimanual coordination -- References -- 12 CHOOSING AND USING ASSESSMENTS OF HAND FUNCTION Lena Krumlinde-Sundholm -- What can tests do? -- Psychometric properties -- Organizing frameworks -- What to assess? -- Considerations -- References.

13 ORTHOPAEDIC INTERVENTION IN THE UPPER EXTREMITY IN THE CHILD WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: MUSCULOSKELETAL SURGERY L. Andrew Koman, Zhongyu Li and Beth Paterson Smith -- Introduction -- Evaluation -- Operative procedures -- Summary -- References -- 14 ORTHOPAEDIC INTERVENTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CEREBRAL PALSY: BOTULINUM TOXINS L. Andrew Koman, Zhongyu Li and Beth Paterson Smith -- Chemodenervation and neuromuscular blockade in upper extremitycerebral palsy -- Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of botulinum A toxin -- Toxin injection -- Goal setting and target muscle selection -- Selection of children for injections -- Current protocols for the frequency and precautions of repeated injections -- Injection of specific muscles -- Complications and concerns -- Indications and results -- Hand therapy -- References -- 15 THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS AT THE BODY STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LEVEL TO SUPPORT CHILDREN'S UPPER EXTREMITY FUNCTION Patricia A. Burtner and Janet L. Poole -- Introduction -- Relationship between upper extremity impairments and function -- Pre- and post-operative rehabilitation of the upper extremity -- Conservative treatments for upper extremity management -- Future directions for research and practice -- References -- 16 MOTOR LEARNING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY: IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Shailesh S. Kantak, Katherine J. Sullivan and Patricia Burtner -- Motor learning: definition and learning-performance distinction -- The process of motor learning -- Factors affecting performance and learning -- Do motor learning principles apply to learning of fine motor skills? -- Conceptual algorithm to enhance motor learning in children with cerebral palsy -- Summary and future directions -- References -- 17 A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE ON INTERVENTION -- Introduction -- Cognitive orientation to daily occupational performance (CO-OP).

Summary and conclusion -- References -- 18 GOAL-ORIENTED TRAINING OF DAILY ACTIVITIES - A MODEL FOR INTERVENTION Ann-Christin Eliasson and Birgit Rösblad -- Selection of goals -- Analysis of task performance -- Intervention -- Transfer of learning -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 VOLITION: CHILD-ORIENTED INTERVENTION FOR THE UPPER EXTREMITY Susan M. Cahill and Gary Kielhofner -- The origins of volition -- The nature of volition -- Personal causation in childhood -- Values in childhood -- Interests in childhood -- The impact of volition in upper extremity intervention -- Supporting the development of volition in upper extremity intervention -- Christina: a case study -- References -- 20 CONSTRAINT-INDUCED MOVEMENT THERAPY FOR CHILDREN WITH HEMIPLEGIA Ann-Christin Eliasson and Andrew M. Gordon -- Principles of constraint-induced movement therapy -- Constraint-induced movement therapy in adults -- Constraint-induced therapy/forced use in children -- The importance of practice -- Assessment to be used -- Core concept of CI therapy and its relation to other interventions ofupper limb function -- References -- 21 SELF-CARE AND HAND FUNCTION Anne Henderson and Ann-Christin Eliasson -- Introduction -- Measurement of self-care -- Self-care acquisition in children -- Summary of motor skills needed for self-care -- Current research in self-care -- Guidelines for treatment -- References -- 22 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION:CLINICAL DECISION-MAKING FOR HANDWRITING IN CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Sonya Murchland, Alison Lane and Jenny Ziviani -- Performance components required for handwriting -- Clinical decision making to support participation in written communication -- Scenario 1: Postural control -- Scenario 2: Tool use and fine motor control -- Scenario 3: Endurance and consistency -- Scenario 4: Visual field deficit -- Scenario 5: Perceptual-motor readiness.

Summary -- References -- APPENDIX 1 -- 23 LEARNING TO PLAY: PROMOTING SKILLS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Erna Imperatore Blanche and Susan Hirsch Knox -- Play in children with CP -- Evaluation of children's play -- Intervention in clinic/school settings -- Conclusion: valuing play in the life of the child -- References -- 24 ASSISTIVE TECHNOLOGY DEVICES IN COMPUTER ACTIVITIES Helene Lidström and Maria Borgestig -- Assistive technology devices - an opportunity for children with cerebral palsy -- How to select the right device -- Conclusions -- References -- 25 PARTICIPATION -THE ULTIMATE CHALLENGE Jenny Ziviani and Margaret Wallen -- Participation -- Participation and children with cerebral palsy -- What are the factors that influence the participation of children withcerebral palsy? -- The measurement of participation -- What can be done to influence participation and ensure children with cerebral palsy and their families are satisfied with their degree of participation? -- References -- 26 THE EVIDENCE-BASE FOR UPPER EXTREMITY INTERVENTION FOR CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY Christine Imms -- The six steps of evidence-based practice -- Evidence for treatment effect in upper extremity interventions for childrenwith cerebral palsy -- Future directions -- Summary -- References -- APPENDIX Assessments used to measure handfunction, activities and participation ofchildren with cerebral palsy Heidi Sanders -- INDEX.