Prudent Practices in the Laboratory -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contents -- OVERVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- THE CULTURE OF LABORATORY SAFETY (CHAPTER 1) -- Education for Safety and Pollution Control -- Factors Affecting Safety Practices in Laboratories -- PRUDENT PLANNING OF EXPERIMENTS (CHAPTER 2) -- EVALUATING HAZARDS AND ASSESSING RISKS IN THE LABORATORY (CHAPTER 3) -- MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS (CHAPTER 4) -- WORKING WITH CHEMICALS (CHAPTER 5) -- WORKING WITH LABORATORY EQUIPMENT (CHAPTER 6) -- DISPOSAL OF WASTE (CHAPTER 7) -- Hazardous Chemical Waste -- Multihazardous Waste -- Chemical-Radioactive Waste -- Chemical-Biological Waste -- Radioactive-Biological Waste -- Chemical-Radioactive-Biological Waste -- LABORATORY FACILITIES (CHAPTER 8) -- GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION OF LABORATORIES (CHAPTER 9) -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Recommendations to the Environmental Protection Agency and Other Regulatory Agencies -- Recommendations to the Industrial Sector -- Recommendations to Chemical Laboratories -- 1 THE CULTURE OF LABORATORY SAFETY -- 1.A INTRODUCTION -- 1.B THE NEW CULTURE OF LABORATORY SAFETY -- 1.C RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY FOR LABORATORY SAFETY -- 1.D SPECIAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN ACADEMIC LABORATORIES -- 1.D.1 High School Teaching Laboratories -- 1.D.2 Undergraduate Teaching Laboratories -- 1.D.3 Academic Research Laboratories -- 1.E THE SAFETY CULTURE IN INDUSTRY -- 1.F FACTORS THAT ARE CHANGING THE CULTURE OF SAFETY -- 1.F.1 Advances in Technology -- 1.F.2 The Culture of Pollution Prevention -- 1.F.2.1 Waste Management Hierarchy for Pollution Prevention -- 1.F.2.2 Making Pollution Prevention Work -- 1.F.3 Changes in the Legal and Regulatory Climate -- 1.G ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 PRUDENT PLANNING OF EXPERIMENTS -- 2.A INTRODUCTION -- 2.B LEVELS OF FORMALITY IN EXPERIMENT PLANNING.

2.C INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PLANNING EXPERIMENTS -- 2.D INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING -- 2.E STEPS FOR PLANNING AN EXPERIMENT -- 2.E.1 Chapter 3: Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory -- 2.E.2 Chapter 4: Management of Chemicals -- 2.E.3 Chapter 5: Working with Chemicals -- 2.E.4 Chapter 6: Working with Laboratory Equipment -- 2.E.5 Chapter 7: Disposal of Waste -- 2.E.6 Chapter 8: Laboratory Facilities -- 2.E.7 Chapter 9: Governmental Regulation of Laboratories -- 3 EVALUATING HAZARDS AND ASSESSING RISKS IN THE LABORATORY -- 3.A INTRODUCTION -- 3.B SOURCES OF INFORMATION -- 3.B.1 Chemical Hygiene Plan -- 3.B.2 Material Safety Data Sheets -- 3.B.3 Laboratory Chemical Safety Summaries -- 3.B.4 Labels -- 3.B.5 Additional Sources of Information -- 3.B.6 Computer Services -- 3.B.6.1 The National Library of Medicine Databases -- 3.B.6.2 Chemical Abstracts Databases -- 3.B.6.3 Informal Forum -- 3.C TOXIC EFFECTS OF LABORATORY CHEMICALS -- 3.C.1 Basic Principles -- 3.C.1.1 Dose-Response Relationships -- 3.C.1.2 Duration and Frequency of Exposure -- 3.C.1.3 Routes of Exposure -- 3.C.1.3.1 Inhalation -- 3.C.1.3.2 Contact with Skin or Eyes -- 3.C.1.3.3 Ingestion -- 3.C.1.3.4 Injection -- 3.C.2 Types of Toxins -- 3.C.2.1 Irritants -- 3.C.2.2 Corrosive Substances -- 3.C.2.3 Allergens -- 3.C.2.4 Asphyxiants -- 3.C.2.5 Carcinogens -- 3.C.2.6 Reproductive and Developmental Toxins -- 3.C.2.7 Neurotoxins -- 3.C.2.8 Toxins Affecting Other Organs -- 3.C.3 Assessing Risks Due to the Toxic Effects of Laboratory Chemicals -- 3.C.3.1 Acute Toxicants -- 3.C.3.2 Corrosive Substances, Irritants, and Allergens -- 3.C.3.3 Carcinogens -- 3.C.3.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxins -- 3.D FLAMMABLE, REACTIVE, AND EXPLOSIVE HAZARDS -- 3.D.1 Flammable Hazards -- 3.D.1.1 Flammable Substances -- 3.D.1.2 Flammability Characteristics.

3.D.1.2.1 Flash Point -- 3.D.1.2.2 Ignition Temperature -- 3.D.1.2.3 Limits of Flammability -- 3.D.1.3 Classes of Flammability -- 3.D.1.4 Causes of Ignition -- 3.D.1.4.1 Spontaneous Combustion -- 3.D.1.4.2 Ignition Sources -- 3.D.1.4.3 Oxidants Other Than Oxygen -- 3.D.1.5 Special Hazards -- 3.D.2 Reactive Hazards -- 3.D.2.1 Water Reactives -- 3.D.2.2 Pyrophorics -- 3.D.2.3 Incompatible Chemicals -- 3.D.3 Explosive Hazards -- 3.D.3.1 Explosives -- 3.D.3.2 Peroxides -- 3.D.3.3 Other Oxidizers -- 3.D.3.4 Dusts -- 3.D.3.5 Explosive Boiling -- 3.D.3.6 Other Considerations -- 3.D.4 The Dirty Dozen -- 3.E PHYSICAL HAZARDS -- 3.E.1 Compressed Gases -- 3.E.2 Nonflammable Cryogens -- 3.E.3 High-Pressure Reactions -- 3.E.4 Vacuum Work -- 3.E.5 Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Radiation -- 3.E.6 Radiofrequency and Microwave Hazards -- 3.E.7 Electrical Hazards -- 3.E.8 Magnetic Fields -- 3.E.9 Cuts, Slips, Trips, and Falls -- 3.F BIOHAZARDS -- 3.G HAZARDS FROM RADIOACTIVITY -- 4 MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS -- 4.A INTRODUCTION -- 4.B SOURCE REDUCTION -- 4.B.1 Importance of Minimizing Chemical Orders -- 4.B.2 Strategies to Minimize Hazardous Waste Generation -- 4.B.2.1 Microscale Work -- 4.B.2.2 Step-by-Step Planning for Minimization -- 4.B.2.3 Substitution of Materials -- 4.B.3 Strategies to Avoid Multihazardous Waste Generation -- 4.C ACQUISITION OF CHEMICALS -- 4.C.1 Ordering Chemicals -- 4.C.2 Receiving Chemicals -- 4.C.3 Responsibilities for Chemicals Being Shipped or Transported -- 4.D INVENTORY AND TRACKING OF CHEMICALS -- 4.D.1 General Considerations -- 4.D.2 Exchange or Transfer of Chemicals -- 4.D.3 Labeling Commercially Packaged Chemicals -- 4.D.4 Labeling Other Chemical Containers -- 4.D.5 Labeling Experimental Materials -- 4.D.6 Use of Inventory and Tracking Systems in Emergency Planning -- 4.E STORAGE OF CHEMICALS IN STOCKROOMS AND LABORATORIES.

4.E.1 General Considerations -- 4.E.2 Containers and Equipment -- 4.E.3 Storing Flammable and Combustible Liquids -- 4.E.4 Storing Gas Cylinders -- 4.E.5 Storing Highly Reactive Substances -- 4.E.6 Storing Toxic Substances -- 4.F RECYCLING OF CHEMICALS, CONTAINERS, AND PACKAGING -- 4.F.1 General Considerations -- 4.F.2 Solvent Recycling -- 4.F.3 Mercury Recycling -- 4.F.4 Reclamation of Heavy Metals -- 5 WORKING WITH CHEMICALS -- 5.A INTRODUCTION -- 5.B PRUDENT PLANNING -- 5.C GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR WORKING WITH HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS -- 5.C.1 Personal Behavior -- 5.C.2 Minimizing Exposure to Chemicals -- 5.C.2.1 Avoiding Eye Injury -- 5.C.2.2 Avoiding Ingestion of Hazardous Chemicals -- 5.C.2.3 Avoiding Inhalation of Hazardous Chemicals -- 5.C.2.4 Avoiding Injection of Hazardous Chemicals -- 5.C.2.5 Minimizing Skin Contact -- 5.C.2.6 Clothing and Protective Apparel -- 5.C.3 Housekeeping -- 5.C.4 Transport of Chemicals -- 5.C.5 Storage of Chemicals -- 5.C.6 Disposal of Chemicals -- 5.C.7 Use and Maintenance of Equipment and Glassware -- 5.C.8 Handling Flammable Substances -- 5.C.9 Working with Scaled-up Reactions -- 5.C.10 Responsibility for Unattended Experiments and Working Alone -- 5.C.11 Responding to Accidents and Emergencies -- 5.C.11.1 General Preparation for Emergencies -- 5.C.11.2 Handling the Accidental Release of Hazardous Substances -- 5.C.11.3 Notification of Personnel in the Area -- 5.C.11.4 Treatment of Injured and Contaminated Personnel -- 5.C.11.5 Spill Containment -- 5.C.11.6 Spill Cleanup -- 5.C.11.7 Handling Leaking Gas Cylinders -- 5.C.11.8 Handling Spills of Elemental Mercury -- 5.C.11.9 Responding to Fires -- 5.D WORKING WITH SUBSTANCES OF HIGH TOXICITY -- 5.D.1 Planning -- 5.D.2 Experiment Protocols Involving Highly Toxic Chemicals -- 5.D.3 Designated Areas -- 5.D.4 Access Control.

5.D.5 Special Precautions for Minimizing Exposure to Highly Toxic Chemicals -- 5.D.6 Preventing Accidents and Spills with Substances of High Toxicity -- 5.D.7 Storage and Waste Disposal -- 5.D.8 Multihazardous Materials -- 5.E WORKING WITH BIOHAZARDOUS AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS -- 5.E.1 Biohazardous Materials -- 5.E.2 Radioactive Materials -- 5.F WORKING WITH FLAMMABLE CHEMICALS -- 5.F.1 Flammable Materials -- 5.F.2 Flammable Liquids -- 5.F.3 Flammable Gases -- 5.F.4 Catalyst Ignition of Flammable Materials -- 5.G WORKING WITH HIGHLY REACTIVE OR EXPLOSIVE CHEMICALS -- 5.G.1 Overview -- 5.G.2 Reactive or Explosive Compounds -- 5.G.2.1 Personal Protective Apparel -- 5.G.2.2 Protective Devices -- 5.G.2.3 Evaluating Potentially Reactive Materials -- 5.G.2.4 Determining Reaction Quantities -- 5.G.2.5 Conducting Reaction Operations -- 5.G.3 Organic Peroxides -- 5.G.3.1 Peroxide Detection Tests -- 5.G.3.2 Disposal of Peroxides -- 5.G.4 Explosive Gases and Liquefied Gases -- 5.G.5 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 5.G.6 Reactive or Explosive Materials Requiring Special Attention -- 5.G.7 Chemical Hazards of Incompatible Chemicals -- 5.H WORKING WITH COMPRESSED GASES -- 5.H.1 Chemical Hazards of Compressed Gases -- 5.H.2 Specific Chemical Hazards of Select Gases -- 6 WORKING WITH LABORATORY EQUIPMENT -- 6.A INTRODUCTION -- 6.B WORKING WITH WATER-COOLED EQUIPMENT -- 6.C WORKING WITH ELECTRICALLY POWERED LABORATORY EQUIPMENT -- 6.C.1 General Principles -- 6.C.1.1 Outlet Receptacles -- 6.C.1.2 Wiring -- 6.C.1.3 General Precautions for Working with Electrical Equipment -- 6.C.1.4 Personal Safety Techniques for Use with Electrical Equipment -- 6.C.1.5 Additional Safety Techniques for Equipment Using High Current or High Voltage -- 6.C.2 Vacuum Pumps -- 6.C.3 Refrigerators and Freezers -- 6.C.4 Stirring and Mixing Devices -- 6.C.5 Heating Devices -- 6.C.5.1 Ovens.

6.C.5.2 Hot Plates.