Contents -- Illustrations -- Tables -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction Children as Archaeological Enigma -- A Brief Overview -- Why are Children Missing in Archaeological Interpretations? -- Why Do Archaeologists Need to Care about Ancient Children? -- How Do We Rescue Children in Archaeological Records? -- Structure of the Book -- Acknowledgments -- References Cited -- Part I : Theorizing (In)visibility, Legitimacy, and Biases inArchaeological Approaches to Children and Childhood -- Chapter One: The Devil's Advocate or Our Worst Case Scenario: The Archaeology of Childhood Without Any Children -- The Enduring Question of the (In)Visibility of Children -- The Conflation of Value and Visibility: A Brief Historical Perspective -- The Visibility of Childhood at a Time of Disciplinary Advocacy -- Our Worst Case Scenario? The Archaeology of Childhood without Children -- Beyond "Miniature Adulthood": Childhood in Seventeenth-Century New England -- Bodies and Identities: Reconfiguring Ideas of (In)Visibility in the Archaeological Study of Children -- Identity and Personal Objects -- Identity and Biographical Objects -- References Cited -- Chapter Two: Making Children Legitimate: Negotiating the Place of Children and Childhoods in Archaeological Theory -- The Inadequate Knowns -- The Need for Archaeological Study of Children and Childhoods -- The Need for Methodological Rigor -- Texts and Art -- The Skeletal Remains of Children Themselves -- Burial Treatments and Grave Furnishings -- Finger, foot, and hand prints -- Artifacts -- Space Use -- The Role for Experiments, Ethnography, and Ethnoarchaeology -- Conclusion -- References Cited -- Chapter Three: Method and Theory for an Archaeology of Age -- Introduction -- Identity, Relationality, and Vision -- Evidence -- Figurines -- Children as Figurine Makers -- Figurines as toys.

Figurines as Vehicles of Magic -- Youthful Enchantment -- Architecture -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References Cited -- Chapter Four: Bodies and Encounters: Seeing Invisible Children in Archaeology -- The Visibility and Invisibility of Children in Archaeology -- Setting the In/Visibility Agenda -- The Body in the Archaeology of Children -- Material Culture, the Body, and an Archaeology of Ontogeny -- Tracing Ontogeny in the Archaeological Record -- Ontogeny 1: Learning to Make Things -- Ontogeny 2: Learning to Use Things -- Conclusion -- References Cited -- Chapter Five: Modern Biases, Hunter-Gatherers' Children: On the Visibility of Children in Other Cultures -- Do Infants Count as Children? -- Are Children Passive and Dependent on Adults? -- Are Children a Separate Class or Population? -- Are "Parents-Children" a Symbol of Reproduction and Substitute Generations? -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References Cited -- Part II: Interdisciplinary and Archaeological Approaches to Studying Children and Childhood in the Past -- Chapter Six: Grown Up: Adult Height Dimorphism as an Archive of Living Conditions of Boys and Girls in Prehistory -- Adult Burials as an Archive of Living Conditions in Childhood -- Sexual Dimorphism in Body Heiglht and its Potential for Childhood Studies -- The Development of Height Dimorphism in Archaeology: An Initial Sketch -- Changes in Height Dimorphism: A Preliminary Discussion of Some Possible Reasons -- Acknowledgments -- References Cited -- Chapter Seven: Placing Children in Society: Using Ancient DNA to Identify Sex and Kinship of Child Skeletal Remains, and Implications for Gender and Social Organization -- The Social Roles of Sex, Gender, and Kinship Identity -- Osteoarchaeology and Children -- DNA and How It Is Studied -- DNA-Based Methods of Sex Identification -- Complications in Sex Identification.

Applications of Sex Identification in Archaeology -- Genetic Profiling of Modern Human Remains -- Kinship Analysis in Archaeology -- Conclusions -- Note -- References Cited -- Chapter Eight: Metaphors for Understanding Children and Their Role in Culture -- Heredity, Environment, and Children's Actions -- Four Metaphors for Understanding Children's Development -- The Essentialist Metaphor -- The Organismic Metaphor -- The Mechanistic Metaphor -- The Historical Context (or Contextualist) Metaphor -- Four Metaphors for Education and Cultural Transmission and Change -- Essentialist Education as Drawing Forth -- Organismic Education as Providing Conditions for Growth -- Mechanistic Education as Instructing -- Contextualist Education as Encouraging Creativity -- Implications for Anthropology and Archaeology -- References Cited -- Part III: Case Studies in the Archaeology of Childhood -- Chapter Nine: Children of the Ice Age -- Burials and Grave Goods -- Dermatoglyphs -- Artifacts -- Depictions -- Conclusion -- References Cited -- Chapter Ten: Children in the Anthropomorphic Imagery of the European and Near Eastern Neolithic -- Introduction -- The Conception of the Body in the Neolithic -- Analyzing the Visual Body of Children -- Conclusion -- References Cited -- Chapter Eleven: From Playthings to Sacred Objects? Household Enculturation Rituals, Figurines, and Plastering Activities at Neolithic Çatalhöyük, Turkey -- A Brief Background on Çatalhöyük and Internal House-Related Interpretations -- Micromorphology -- "Scatters" as Ritual Deposits -- Tradition, Children, and Household Activities -- Conclusion -- References Cited -- Chapter Twelve: The Ends and Means of Childhood: Mourning Children in Early Greece -- Children as Mourners -- Children and Miniature Grave Pottery -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- Late Geometric I -- Late Geometric II -- References Cited.

Chapter Thirteen: The Children's Cemetery of Lugnano in Teverina, Umbria: Hierarchy, Magic, and Malaria -- References Cited -- Chapter Fourteen: The Age of Consent: Children and Sexuality in Ancient Greece and Rome -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References Cited -- Chapter Fifteen: "A Place for Everything and Everything in Its Place": The Cultural Context of Late Victorian Toys -- A Brief Overview of Victorian Culture -- The Foundations of Victorian Conceptions of Children and Childhood -- Commercialization of Children -- Children's Toys: A Discussion of Dolls, Clockwork Toys, and Board Games -- Board Games and Educational Toys -- Nationalistic and Racial Toys -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References Cited -- Part IV: Commentaries -- Chapter Sixteen: Theoretical Issues in Investigating Childhood -- References Cited -- Chapter Seventeen: Grubby Little Fingerprints: A Commentary on the Visibility of Childhood -- References Cited -- Contributors -- Index.