Cover -- Table of Contents -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Notes on Contributors -- 1: Prehistoric migration and the rise of humanity -- Migration in human prehistory -- Differing perspectives and sources of data on prehistoric migration -- Important definitions and abbreviations used in this volume -- Part I: The Peopling of the World during the Pleistocene -- 2: The earliest stages of hominin dispersal in Africa and Eurasia -- Miocene origins and Pliocene dispersals -- Paranthropus and early Homo in the Plio-Pleistocene -- Early Pleistocene corridors between Africa and Eurasia -- Conclusions -- Note -- References and further reading -- 3: Hominin migrations before Homo sapiens: Out of Africa - how many times? -- The oldest hominin records in Eurasia - Out of Africa 1 -- Out of Africa 2 -- Out of Africa 3? -- References and further reading -- 4: Early Old World migrations of Homo sapiens: human biology -- African origin of Homo sapiens: genetic evidence -- African origin of Homo sapiens: fossil evidence -- How many dispersals from Africa? -- Moving east: initial colonization of Asia and Sahul -- Moving west: the colonization of Europe -- Concluding thoughts -- References and further reading -- 5: Early Old World migrations of Homo sapiens: archaeology -- Models of modernity and their implications for identifying dispersion -- The dispersal of anatomically modern humans and the nature of cultural transitions in the archaeological record -- References -- 6: Pleistocene migrations in the Southeast Asian archipelagos -- Homo sapiens in Indonesia -- References -- 7: The human colonization of Australia -- References -- 8: The human colonization of the Americas: archaeology -- Note -- References -- 9: The human colonization of the Americas: population genetics -- Migration to Beringia -- Migration into North and South America.

Controversial migration theories -- Summary and outlook -- References -- Part II: Holocene migrations -- 10: Neolithic migrations: food production and population expansion -- How and why did agriculture begin? -- References -- 11: Human migrations and the histories of major language families -- How language families might have spread: lessons from history -- Dates of spread and homelands of language families -- References -- 12: Sub-Saharan Africa: linguistics -- Niger-Congo speakers and ancient migrations in Africa -- Archaeological correlations for early Niger-Congo dispersal -- Nilo-Saharans and the Holocene pastoral Sahara -- Cushites in the Horn of Africa -- Khoesan peoples and the Eastern African Microlithic -- References -- 13: Sub-Saharan Africa: archaeology -- The Green Sahara and its aftermath -- Pastoral peoples in East Africa and the Cape region of South Africa -- Archaeology and the Bantu expansions -- Later migrations -- References -- 14: Sub-Saharan Africa: human genetics -- References -- 15: Levant and North Africa: Afroasiatic linguistic history -- Afroasiatic classification and homeland -- The dispersal of the Cushitic languages -- The dispersal of the Omotic languages -- The dispersal of the Semitic languages -- Egyptian -- The dispersal of the Berber languages -- The dispersal of the Chadic languages -- Summary -- References and further reading -- 16: Levant and North Africa: archaeology -- The Levant -- North Africa -- References -- 17: Anatolia and the Balkans: archaeology -- A critical approach to the evidence -- Conclusion -- References -- 18: Europe and western Asia: genetics and population history -- Pre-Neolithic contributions to the modern gene pool of Europe and West Asia -- Demographic events in the Holocene -- Demographic processes after the Neolithic -- Conclusions -- References.

19: Europe and western Asia: Indo-European linguistic history -- Indo-European: linguistic lessons, and enigmas -- Indo-European expansions, modern and ancient -- Rival hypotheses for Indo-European origins and dispersal -- Geography -- Chronology -- Causation -- Summing up perspectives: archaeology, genetics and linguistics -- References -- 20: Europe: Neolithic colonization -- Theoretical approaches -- Craniometric studies -- Archaeological evidence -- Summary -- References -- 21: Northern Europe and Russia: Uralic linguistic history -- References -- 22: Central Asia: genetics and archaeology -- Genetic diversity in Central Asia -- The emergence of agriculture -- The origins of pastoralism and horse domestication -- Conclusion -- References -- 23: Northern and northeastern Asia: archaeology -- Mesolithic migrations (c.9500-5000 bce) -- Neolithic migrations (c.7000/6000-2500 bce) -- Bronze age migrations (c.2600-1600 bce) -- References -- 24: Northeastern and Central Asia: "Altaic" linguistic history -- The "Altaic" language family -- References -- 25: Eastern Asia: Sino-Tibetan linguistic history -- References -- 26: Eastern Asia: archaeology -- The foundations -- Early Holocene hunter-gatherer migrations and the emergence of early farmers -- Early migrations of Chinese Neolithic farmers -- References -- 27: Eastern Asia and Japan: human biology -- Migration to the Japanese archipelago -- Migration to Southeast Asia -- References -- 28: Japan: archaeology -- Jōmon migrations within Japan and the settlement of the Ryukyu Islands -- The arrival of the Yayoi population in Japan -- Later migrations involving Hokkaido and Okinawa -- References -- 29: Korea: archaeology -- References and further reading -- 30: South Asia: Dravidian linguistic history -- Proto-Dravidian (PD) -- Notes -- References -- 31: South Asia: archaeology.

The introduction of food production in the northwest -- The savanna complexes of western and southern India -- Rice gatherers turned farmers of the Ganges and the east -- References -- 32: Trans-Indian Ocean migration -- Transoceanic seafaring -- Note -- References and further reading -- 33: Southeast Asian mainland: linguistic history -- Hmong-Mien -- Austronesian -- Kra-Dai -- Tibeto-Burman -- Austroasiatic -- Conclusion -- References and further reading -- 34: Southeast Asian mainland: archaeology -- References -- 35: Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: Austronesian linguistic history -- The Austronesian homeland -- Leaving the homeland -- References -- 36: Southeast Asian islands: archaeology -- The Austronesian-speaking peoples and their significance -- Archaeological research on Holocene migration in Taiwan and the Philippines -- In conclusion -- References and further reading -- 37: Southeast Asian islands and Oceania: human genetics -- Genetics as history -- Genetic prehistory of the Indo-Pacific region -- Pleistocene continuity -- The Neolithic period -- Transition to the historic period -- Summary -- References -- 38: Papua New Guinea: indigenous migrations in the recent past -- References -- 39: Oceania: Lapita migration -- References -- 40: Micronesian archaeology -- References -- 41: Polynesia, East and South, including transpacific migration -- An age of migration -- Polynesian voyaging -- Transoceanic contact -- Conclusions -- References -- 42: Australia: linguistic history -- References -- 43: North America: Na Dene/Athapaskan archaeology and linguistics -- Migrations -- The Apachean migration to the Southwest -- References -- 44: North America: Eskimo-Aleut linguistic history -- The Thule migration -- Notes -- References -- 45: North America: Paleoeskimo and Inuit archaeology -- The Early Paleoeskimo migration.

The Thule Inuit migration -- Conclusion -- References -- 46: Eastern North America: archaeology and linguistics -- Algonquian -- Iroquoian -- Mississippian culture and the Siouan languages -- Mississippian contraction and dispersal -- Late movement on to the Great Plains -- References -- 47: Mesoamerica and the southwestern United States: linguistic history -- References -- 48: Mesoamerica and the southwestern United States: archaeology -- Archaeological evidence -- Biological evidence -- Migration into California and the Great Basin -- Alternative models -- References -- 49: Caribbean Islands: archaeology -- The first Caribbean people -- The first transition -- The second transition -- The final transition -- Conclusions -- References -- 50: Amazonia: linguistic history -- Linguistic diversity and migrations -- Movements of people or language shift? -- The Arawak family -- The Carib family -- The Tupí family -- The Jê branch of the Macro-Jê family -- The Panoan family -- The Tucanoan family -- Minor language families -- References -- 51: Amazonia: archaeology -- Amazonian ethno-linguistic diaspora -- Conclusion: ecology, movement, and interaction -- References -- 52: Andes: linguistic history -- The central core -- Further afield, deeper in time -- Note -- References -- 53: Andes: archaeology -- Andean institutions of mobility -- The Inca empire -- The Middle Horizon -- Further back in time -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.