Cover -- Commendation -- Messages of Introduction -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Purpose -- Research Design -- Research time frame -- Audience -- Legal Background -- Organization -- Case Study One: Early Alert and ITCs -- Strategy -- Results -- Specific lessons learned -- Summary conclusions -- Case Study Two: Vietnamese Boat People in Singapore -- Strategy -- Result -- Summary conclusions -- Case Study Three: Chile: Exile and Return under Dictatorship -- Strategy -- Results -- Case Study Four: The Namibian Repatriation Operation through Angola -- Strategy -- Results -- Summary conclusions -- Refugee-Specific Challenges -- Analyzing methods for refugee protection with the help of "soft power" -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 1 -- Early Alerts & New Partnerships with IT Communities -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part A -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- UNHCR -- Novel Initiatives by UNHCR -- 3. Brief Review of Selected UN Early Alert Initiatives -- 3.1 In the Context of Human Rights and Refugees -- 3.1.1 UN Human Rights Commission -- 3.1.2 The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) -- 3.1.3 UN Department of Political Affairs (DPA) -- 3.2 Analysis of Past Efforts -- Part B -- 4. Selected New Partnerships with Information and Technological Communities (ITCs) -- 4.1 External Developments -- 4.2 ITCs, Volunteer & Tech. Communities (V & TCs), Crisis Mapping & Crowdsourcing -- Recent V&TC Initiatives, Organizations, Platforms, and Operations -- InSTEDD -- Ushahidi -- Standby Task Force (SBTF) -- MapAction -- 4.3 Innovative Institutional Efforts of Academic & UN Bodies with ITCs and V&TCs -- 4.3.1 Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) -- 4.3.2 UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) -- (ReliefWeb and the Humanitarian Early Warning Service [HEWSweb]).

4.3.3 UNHCR -- Contemporary initiatives and initial results -- 4.4 Analysis of Current Efforts -- 4.4.1 Challenges -- Information Management and Verification -- Security and Safety -- A New Set of Global Protocols for Humanitarian Aid -- Overreliance on Technology? -- Big Data and the Nature of Information -- 4.4.2 Potentials -- 5. Final remarks: Summary of results, Lessons and Conclusions -- Summary of results -- General lessons (past efforts) -- Lessons learned (contemporary initiatives) -- Conclusions -- 6. Exhibits -- 6.1 Photos -- 6.2 UNHCR partners with Microsoft and HP in Dadaab to boost refugee education and livelihoods through ICT -- 6.3 General Early Warning & Early Alert Initiatives (2012) -- 6.4 Key Developments in the United Nations in Humanitarian Early Warning and Early Action, 2008 -- 6.5 UNHCR's Refugee Emergency Alert System (REAS) -- 6.5.1 Note for the File on "Early warning systems", 4 February, 1986 by Michel Moussalli, then the UNHCR Director for International Protection -- 6.5.2 Memorandum on "UNHCR Refugee Emergency Alert System (REAS), by O. Bakhet, Head Technical Support Service, UNHCR, 31 January 1989 -- 6.5.3 Memorandum on "UNHCR Refugee Emergency Alert System (REAS)", by R. White, Chief, Emergency Unit, UNHCR, 31 January 1989 -- 6.5.4 Memorandum on "Future directions for the UNHCR Early Warning Working group", from UNHCR EWWG to the Reg. Directors, UNHCR, 1 March 1990 -- 6.5.5 Inter-Office Memorandum No. 70/90 and Field-Office Memorandum No. 58/90 by the High Commissioner on the "Establishment of a Working Group on Early Warning", 21 June 1990 -- 6.5.6 Memorandum to Erika Feller and Hans Thoolen, from Robert White, 4 June 1991 - REAS Revised Questionnaire -- 6.5.7 Refugee Emergency Alert System: UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, 1991, p. 17.

6.6 Letter from Former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Sadruddin Aga Khan to the author -- 7. References -- Vietnamese Boat People in Singapore - Creation of the Disembarkation Resettlement Offer (DISERO) Contributed to Rescue at Sea of over 67,000 -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part A -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 2.1 Historical Aspects -- 2.2 Urgency -- 2.3 The Magnitude of the Crisis -- 3. Regional Perspectives - Legal and Policy Aspects -- 3.1 No ASEAN States were 1951 Refugee Convention/ 1967 Protocol State Parties -- 3.2 Early Efforts for Safe Arrangements -- 3.3 The 1979 and 1989 Geneva International Conferences Producing Policy Changes -- The July 1979 International Conference -- Turn of events through the 1989 International Conference -- Part B -- 4. Emergency response In Singapore with Focus on the Period of 1978-1981 -- The beginning -- 4.1 The DISERO - A Milestone for Refugee Protection -- 4.2 Delivering Protection through Division of Labor -- With proactive involvement of the refugees themselves -- 4.3 Restoring Dignity and Hope with and for the Refugees -- Refugee Initiatives in Hawkins Road -- 5. Unprecedented Challenges and Analysis of Facts - Looking Back -- 5.1 Collecting, Analyzing, and Evaluating Surveys -- 5.2 Analysis of Motivations to Escape from Vietnam -- 5.2.1 Push factors -- 1. Family reunification -- 2. Racial and political discrimination -- 3. Re-education policies and New Economic Zones (NEZ) -- 4. Mandatory military conscription -- 5. Incompetence in government -- 6. Lack of freedom of political opinion and religion -- 7. Deliberate change of social and economic policies -- 5.2.2 Pull factors -- 1. Resettlement in the West -- 2. No return policy to Vietnam until 1989 -- 3. Absence of screening and the impossibility of voluntary repatriation.

4. Prospects of rescue at sea (extraordinary efforts of mercy ships, especially Cap Anamur, which from September 1979 to May 1982 rescued 9,507 boat people from 194 boats -- see details below and the full list in Exhibit 3b) -- 5. United Nations aid in camps in neighboring countries -- 6. Overseas Vietnamese lobby for aid and resettlement abroad -- 5.3 Extraordinary Initiatives of Rescue at Sea -- Final Remarks: Summary, Lessons, and Conclusions -- Summary -- Lessons: UNHCR's ability to adapt is one of the keys to its success -- Conclusions -- Exhibits -- 1. List of Vessels with Vietnamese Rescued at Sea -- 1a) Granted Permission for Disembarkation in Singapore -- 1b) Refused Permission for disembarkation in Singapore -- 2. DISERO -- 2a) Guidelines -- 2b) Rescue at Sea Statistics -- 1980 -- 1981 -- 1979-1981 -- 3. Founding the Committee Cap Anamur -- 3a) Preparatory session of the press conference hosted by Rupert and Christel Neudeck, with Heinrich Böll, André Glucksmann, Curt Hondrich, Jutta Kuehn, and Luise Drüke in Bonn, 18 April 1979 -- 3b) CAP ANAMUR I (September '79-May '82): Rescued 9,507 boat people from 194 boats (plus 225 from 3 boats bringing the total for Cap Anamur I to 9.732 rescued persons) -- 4. Cumulative Indochinese Arrivals, Departures, and Residual Caseload, 1975-96, 1975-1997 -- 5. Operational Aspects -- 5.1 Diagram of Refugee Protection and Assistance in Singapore -- 5.2 UNHCR Staff -- 5.3 Refugee Committee and Camp Leaders -- 5.4 Refugee Camp Layout -- 5.5 Flowchart for refugee processing -- 5.6 A Letter from Former Camp Leader, Tran Anh Kiet -- 6. Articles by Scholars, Journalists, and Volunteers -- 6.1 Exodus Indochina -- 6.2 Local Perspective -- 6.2.1 Viet Refugee Camp Model of Harmony -- 6.2.2 The Sound of Freedom by Meredith Kennedy -- 6.2.3 Appeal from the Refugee Camp -- English Translation.

7. Refugee Initiatives in the Camp with Support of UNHCR -- 7.1 Songbook in Vietnamese and English -- 7.2 Witness (N han chung) with TRACING Messages of Vietnamese Boat People to find Family Members and Friends -- 8. Photos and Testimonials of Former Refugees and UNHCR Colleagues -- 8.1 Photos -- 8.2 Testimonials of Former Vietnamese Refugees and UNHCR Colleagues -- 8.2.1 Family Tina and Chuan N. Pham and Rosie H. Nguyen, August 2012 in Los Angeles -- 8.2.2 Thomas H. Nguyen, during a meeting in Hamburg end December 2012 -- 8.2.3 Nam Le Son, June 2013 in Hannover -- 8.2.4 Dang Chau Lam, June 2013 in Hannover -- 8.2.5 Hari Brissimi, Chief of Counseling, Education and Resettlement, UNHCR Geneva, March 1979 -- 8.2.6 R. Sampatkumar, Reg. Representavice, UNHCR Kuala Lumpur for South East Asia, Jan. 1979 -- 8.2.7 Alan J. F. Simmance, Reg. Representative for Western South Asia, Bangkok, July 1981 -- References -- Chile: Exile and Return under Dictatorship -- Table of Contents -- Preface by Roberto Garretón Merino -- 1. Introduction -- Part A -- 2. Brief Historical Background -- 2.1 What led to the coup of 11 September 1973? -- 2.2 Systematic persecution targeting foreign refugees and Chileans -- 3. Historical aspects related to asylum & refugee protection -- 3.1 The international refugee regime (1951 Refugee Convention ratified) -- 3.2 Diplomatic asylum and the regional American regime of asylum -- 3.3 National Decree Laws and the 1980 Constitution -- Part B: Selected UNHCR field work (1973-4) and (1983-5) -- 4. Facilitating innovative measures immediately after the coup (1973/74) -- 4.1 Protecting foreign refugees (initially) in "safe havens" within the country -- September -- October -- November -- December -- 4.2 Obtaining support for resettlement abroad -- 5. Supporting refugee rights during the continuing dictatorship (1983-5).

FASIC (Fundación de Ayuda Social de las Iglesias Cristianas).