Cover -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1. Demographic, labour market, economic and social environments -- 1.1 Structure of the population -- 1.2 Fertility rates -- 1.3 Life expectancy at birth and infant mortality rates -- 1.4 Rural versus Urban population -- 1.5 Labour market -- 1.6 Zanzibar's Macroeconomic environment -- 1.7 Health status -- 1.8 Household incomes and income distribution and poverty -- 1.9 Conclusions -- 2. Degrees of informality: Prevailing patterns in the Zanzibar labour market and social security coverage -- 2.1 How people work: Employment status of the population -- 2.2 Where people work: -- 2.2.1 Employment by legal form of establishment -- 2.3 Where people work: Formal sector activities and employmentin the informal sector -- 2.4 Paid employees -- 2.5 Informality of employment -- 2.5.1 Employed in the formal sector -- 2.5.2 Formal employment -- 2.5.3 Formal economy -- 2.6 Conclusions -- 3. Living conditions: Poverty and vulnerability in Zanzibar -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Defining Poverty in Zanzibar -- 3.3 Poverty in Zanzibar -- 3.4 Living conditions of the poor -- 3.4.1 Housing conditions and safe drinking water -- 3.5 Levels of educational attainment and access to education -- 3.6 Health status -- 3.7 Vulnerability -- 3.7.1 Meeting Food Needs -- 3.7.2 Accessing Health Services -- 3.7.3 HIV/AIDS -- 3.7.4 Household size and composition -- 3.7.5 Orphanhood -- 3.7.6 Disability -- 3.8 Conclusions -- 3.9 Priority areas for action -- 4. Contributory and non-contributory services and programmes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Pension system in Zanzibar -- 4.2.1 Overview of the Zanzibar Social Security Fund (ZSSF) -- 4.2.2 Assessment of pension system's performance -- 4.3 Non-contributory services and programmes -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Zanzibar's education system -- 4.3.3 Education policy 2006 -- 4.3.4 MKUZA.

4.3.5 Zanzibar education development programme -- 4.3.6 Financing -- 4.3.7 Literacy -- 4.3.8 Tiers of education provision -- 4.4 Conclusions -- 4.4.1 Zanzibar's health system -- 4.4.2 Health Care Policy -- 4.4.3 Health Care Financing -- 4.5 Findings of a mapping exercise of public and NGOs engaged in socialprotection provision in Zanzibar -- 4.5.1 ZAKAT and other faith based provision -- 4.5.2 Child Labour -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 5. Social budget -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Demographic and macro-economic assumptions -- 5.2.1 Projection of the total population of Zanzibar -- 5.2.2 Projected macro-economic environment -- 5.3 Zanzibar's Social Budget -- 5.3.1 Projection methodology of each component of the Social Budget -- 5.4 The Social Insurance Budget (ZSSF) -- 5.5 Results of projections: The Social Budget -- 6. The costs and benefits of social protection in Zanzibar -- 6.1 Defining a package Social Protection benefits -- 6.2 Costing a Social Protection package in Zanzibar -- 6.2.1 Calculating the cost of a universal pension -- 6.3 Indexation of benefits -- 6.4 The possible benefits of Social Protection in Zanzibar -- 6.5 Review of analysis -- 6.6 Conclusions -- 7. Conclusions -- 7.1 What is the picture? -- 7.2 Key Findings -- 7.3 Way Forward -- References -- Annexes -- A. Mapping of non-contributory social protection provision in Zanzibar -- B. Situational analysis on Zakat and other religious provision in Zanzibar -- Appendix 1. A Description of and the application of Zakat, Waqf, and Sadaqat -- Appendix 2. Visited organizations and business companies -- C. Definition of indicators -- D. Description of the pension projection model -- E. Description of principal assumptions used for the ZSSF and results of the projection.