NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES -- Copyright -- NATURAL DISASTER STUDIES -- INVITATION FOR DISCUSSION -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Executive Summary -- METEOROLOGY -- WARNINGS AND EVACUATION -- INJURIES AND DEATHS -- DAMAGE -- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Need for In-Depth Study Following Postdisaster Investigation -- Forecasting, Warning, and Evacuation -- Need for Surface Wind-Speed Measurement -- Structural Performance and Building Codes -- 2 Meteorological Aspects -- SYNOPTIC HISTORY -- NEARSHORE AND LANDFALL STORM CHARACTERISTICS -- Wind Speeds -- Tides -- Rainfall -- Tornadoes -- Pressure -- FORECAST GUIDANCE -- STORM SURGE AND THE SLOSH MODEL -- SLOSH for Hurricane Elena -- 3 Preparedness and Response -- THE WARNING PROCESS -- ELENA AND THE GULF COAST'S RESPONSES -- EVALUATION -- Emergency Response Decision Making -- Multiple Evacuations -- Vacationer Response -- Public Response in the Tampa Bay-to-Sarasota Area -- Use of Regional Hurricane Evacuation Studies -- Evacuation Zones -- Behavioral Analyses -- Clearance Times -- Regional Boundaries -- 4 Wind Damage to Buildings -- WIND DAMAGE IN MISSISSIPPI -- Building Regulations -- Design Wind Speeds and Pressures -- Wind Resistance of Structural Systems -- Load Combinations -- Wind-Load-Resisting Systems -- Workmanship and Materials -- "Nonengineered" Structures -- Detailed Damage Descriptions of Classes of Structures -- Schools -- Commercial Structures -- Motels -- Churches -- Single-Family Dwellings -- Multifamily Dwellings -- Mobile Homes -- Metal Building Systems -- Fully Engineered Buildings -- Other Structures -- WIND DAMAGE IN ALABAMA -- Single-Family Dwellings -- Other Structures -- Comparison with Hurricane Frederic -- 5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- POSTDISASTER STUDIES -- 1. Need for In-Depth Postdisaster Studies -- WIND CONDITIONS.

2. Better Wind-Speed Data -- OTHER NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES -- 3. Continued Cooperation between NHC and the Local and National Media -- 4. Use of Amateur Radio and Hurricane Drills -- 5. Need for Improvement of Numerical Forecast Models -- 6. Continued Effective Use of Telephone Hurricane Information Service -- 7. Need for Quick Information Dissemination from SLOSH Runs -- THE EVACUATION PROCESS -- 8. Incorporation of Forecast Uncertainties in Evacuation Planning -- 9. Need for Multiagency Hurricane Evacuation Studies -- 10. Hypothetical Behavioral Assumptions Underlying Evacuation Plans -- 11. Calculation of Clearance Time in Evacuation Studies -- PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES -- 12. Need for Nationally Applicable Wind-Loading Provisions -- 13. Design Needs for Nonengineered Structures -- 14. Need for Design Checks of Professionally Designed Buildings -- 15. Insurance against Wind Damage -- 16. Concern about Industry Standards -- 17. Concern about Using School Buildings as Shelters -- 18. Concern about Preengineered and Masonry-Walled Buildings -- 19. Roof Performance -- 20. Performance of Signs and Building Appurtenances -- References -- Appendix A STRUCTURAL FAILURES IN MISSISSIPPI SCHOOLS -- Appendix B SHOPPING CENTER DAMAGE: A DETAILED ANALYSIS -- Appendix C DAMAGE TO METAL BUILDINGS: A DETAILED ANALYSIS.