Image-Guided Therapy Systems -- Contents -- Preface -- Part I Introduction: Diagnosis and Therapy -- Chapter 1 Diagnosis and Therapy: History, Current Status, and Future Directions -- 1.1 Ancient Times -- 1.2 Renaissance -- 1.3 Open Surgery in Modern Times -- 1.4 Image-Guided Minimally Invasive and Noninvasive Therapies -- References -- Chapter 2 Medical Imaging -- 2.1 Ultrasound -- 2.1.1 Fundamental Ultrasound -- 2.1.2 Doppler Ultrasound -- 2.1.3 Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound -- 2.1.4 New Technologies for Guidance -- 2.2 Imaging Methods Using Ionizing Radiation -- 2.2.1 Conventional Radiography -- 2.2.2 Computed Tomography -- 2.2.3 Nuclear Medicine -- 2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 2.3.1 Conventional MRI -- 2.3.2 Functional MRI -- 2.4 Combination of Imaging Modalities -- 2.4.1 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography -- 2.4.2 CT Myelography -- 2.4.3 MR Arthrography -- 2.4.4 Fusion Imaging -- References -- Part II Interventional Therapy Modalities -- Chapter 3 Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Surgery and Intraluminal Endoscopy: Videoscopic-Guided Therapy Systems -- 3.1 Minimally Invasive Surgery -- 3.1.1 Origins of MIS -- 3.1.2 MIS-A System for Surgical Therapy -- 3.1.3 Integration of the MIS System: The MIS Operating Suite -- 3.1.4 Current-Day MIS: Its Uses and Limitations -- 3.2 Intraluminal Flexible Endoscopy -- 3.2.1 Origin of Intraluminal Endoscopy -- 3.2.2 Diagnostic Flexible Endoscopy -- 3.3 Future Directions: Videoendoscopic-Guided Therapy -- References -- Chapter 4 Image-Guided Radiation Therapy: From Concept to Practice -- 4.1 Therapeutic Ratio (TR) -- 4.2 Targeting -- 4.2.1 Radiography -- 4.2.2 Computerized Tomography (CT) -- 4.2.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) -- 4.2.4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- 4.2.5 Ultrasonography (US) -- 4.3 Methods of Delivering IGRT -- 4.3.1 Setup Uncertainties -- 4.4 Delivery of IGRT.

4.4.1 Adaptive Versus Integrated IGRT Systems -- 4.4.2 Treating Moving Targets -- 4.4.3 Megavolt Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (MVCBCT) System -- 4.4.4 Kilovoltage Cone Beam Computerized Tomography (KVCBCT) System -- 4.5 Quality Assurance (QA) for IGRT Systems -- 4.5.1 Safety Checks -- 4.5.2 Geometric Accuracy -- 4.5.3 Image Quality -- 4.5.4 Image Registration Accuracy -- 4.5.5 Dose Computation and Delivery -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Radiofrequency Ablation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biophysics of RF Ablation -- 5.2.1 Physics of RF Heating -- 5.2.2 Power Control Algorithms -- 5.2.3 Principles of Thermal Tissue Injury -- 5.3 Cardiac RF Catheter Ablation -- 5.3.1 Clinical Background -- 5.3.2 Devices -- 5.3.3 Comparison of Cardiac RF and Cryo-Ablation -- 5.4 RF Tumor Ablation -- 5.4.1 Clinical Background -- 5.4.2 Devices -- 5.4.3 Current Limitations -- 5.4.4 Comparison of Tumor RF, Microwave, and Cryo-Ablation -- 5.5 Other Applications of RF Ablation -- 5.5.1 Endometrial Ablation -- 5.5.2 Endovascular Ablation -- 5.5.3 Corneal Ablation -- 5.5.4 Other Applications -- References -- Chapter 6 Microwave Ablation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physics and Physiology of Microwave Ablation -- 6.3 Current Microwave Ablation Technology -- 6.4 Clinical Applications -- 6.4.1 Liver Cancer -- 6.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 6.4.3 Kidney Cancer -- 6.5 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 7 Lasers and Photodynamic Therapy(PDT) in Imaging and Therapy -- 7.1 Lasers -- 7.1.1 Definitions -- 7.1.2 The Characteristics of Laser Light -- 7.1.3 The Laser-Tissue Interaction -- 7.1.4 Types of Lasers -- 7.1.5 Anatomo-Pathological Features of the Laser-Tissue Interaction(Tissue Injuries) -- 7.1.6 Laser Surgery with Thermal Lasers: What Are the Advantages over Conventional Surgical Methods? -- 7.2 The Photodynamic Processes -- 7.2.1 Photodiagnosis/Fluorescence Imaging.

7.2.2 Photodynamic Therapy -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 8 Image-Guided Cryotherapy: An Emphasis on Liver Tumors -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cryobiology -- 8.3 Cryotherapy -- 8.3.1 Historical Aspects -- 8.3.2 Imaging Modalities for Percutaneous Cryotherapy -- 8.3.3 MRI-Guided Cryotherapy -- 8.4 Clinical Applications of Cryotherapy -- 8.4.1 Liver -- 8.4.2 Kidney -- 8.4.3 Gynecological Applications in Uterine Fibroids and Breast Cancer -- 8.4.4 Prostate -- 8.5 Current Status, Limitations, and Future Aspects -- References -- Chapter 9 Gamma Knife Radiosurgery -- 9.1 History of the Gamma Knife Development -- 9.2 Mechanical Design of the Perfexion -- 9.3 Treatment Planning -- 9.3.1 Principles -- 9.3.2 Treatment Planning with the Perfexion -- 9.4 Clinical Data -- 9.4.1 Principles of Radiosurgery Dose Selection and Prediction of Outcome -- 9.4.2 Benign Tumors -- 9.4.3 Malignant Tumors -- 9.4.4 Functional Disorders -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Ultrasound Mediated Drugand Gene Delivery -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ultrasound Mechanisms for Enhancing Drug and Gene Delivery -- 10.2.1 Heat Generation -- 10.2.2 Acoustic Cavitation -- 10.2.3 Acoustic Radiation Forces -- 10.3 Applications -- 10.3.1 Sonophoresis -- 10.3.2 Blood Brain Barrier Disruption -- 10.3.3 Thrombolysis -- 10.3.4 Gene Delivery -- 10.3.5 Remote Activation/Deployment of Drugs and Genes -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Therapeutic Hyperthermia -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Types of Hyperthermia -- 11.2.1 Local Hyperthermia -- 11.2.2 Regional Hyperthermia -- 11.2.3 Whole-Body Hyperthermia (WBH) -- 11.2.4 Extracellular Hyperthermia -- 11.3 Hyperthermia Devices -- 11.3.1 Techniques -- 11.3.2 External RF Applicators -- 11.3.3 Radiative EM Devices -- 11.3.4 Interstitial and Intracavitary Devices.

11.3.5 Nanotechnology-Based Hyperthermia -- 11.4 Hyperthermia with Other Modalities -- 11.4.1 Hyperthermia and Radiation -- 11.4.2 Hyperthermia and Chemotherapy -- 11.4.3 Hyperthermia and Radiochemotherapy -- 11.5 Dosimetry for Hyperthermia -- 11.5.1 Modeling Power Deposition -- 11.5.2 Thermal Modeling -- 11.6 Imaging Techniques -- 11.6.1 Ultrasound -- 11.6.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 11.6.3 Microwave Radiometric Imaging -- 11.6.4 Terahertz Technology -- 11.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Image-Guided Therapy -- Chapter 12 Image-Guided High Intensity Focused Ultrasound -- 12.1 Basic Principles -- 12.1.1 Ultrasound Principles -- 12.1.2 Mechanisms of Bioeffects -- 12.1.3 Transducers and Ultrasound Fields -- 12.2 Treatment Approach and Systems -- 12.2.1 MRI Guidance -- 12.2.2 Ultrasound -- 12.3 Applications -- 12.3.1 Solid Tumors -- 12.3.2 Other Applications -- 12.4 Future Developments and Trends -- 12.4.1 Technical Developments -- 12.4.2 Developing Applications -- References -- Chapter 13 3D Visualization and Guidance -- 13.1 Background -- 13.2 3D Visualization -- 13.2.1 3D Coordinate System -- 13.2.2 3D Medical Imaging -- 13.2.3 3D Reconstruction -- 13.2.4 3D Image Display -- 13.3 3D Guidance -- 13.3.1 Stereotactics -- 13.3.2 Spatial Tracking Systems -- 13.3.3 Registration -- 13.3.4 Devices for Display of 3D Data -- 13.3.5 Systems and Applications -- References -- Chapter 14 Optical Coherence Tomography -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 OCT System Configuration -- 14.2.1 OCT Light Sources -- 14.2.2 Interferometer Configurations -- 14.2.3 Beam Scanning Techniques -- 14.3 System Specifications -- 14.3.1 Resolution-Axial and Lateral -- 14.3.2 SNR -- 14.3.3 Imaging Depths -- 14.4 Current Applications of OCT -- 14.4.1 Ophthalmology -- 14.4.2 Intra-Arterial Imaging -- 14.4.3 Endoscopic Imaging -- 14.5 New Directions -- 14.5.1 3D OCT.

14.5.2 Computer-Aided Diagnosis -- 14.5.3 Guiding Surgery with OCT -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 15 Advanced Cardiac Imaging for Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Arrhythmias -- 15.1 Fluorescence Imaging of Cardiac Tissue -- 15.1.1 Transmembrane Potential Imaging -- 15.1.2 Intracellular Calcium Transient Imaging -- 15.1.3 NADH Imaging -- 15.1.4 Dual Imaging of the Same Field of View -- 15.1.5 Panoramic Fluorescence Imaging -- 15.1.6 Motion Artifact in Fluoresced Signals -- 15.2 Clinical Mapping Techniques for Arrhythmia Therapy -- 15.2.1 Conventional Mapping Techniques -- 15.2.2 Three-Dimensional Clinical Cardiac Mapping Systems -- 15.2.3 Image-Guided Therapy for Cardiac Arrhythmias -- 15.3 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 Percutaneous Image-Guided Needle-Based Procedures -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Technical Equipment -- 16.2.1 Fine Needle Devices -- 16.2.2 Core Needle Devices and Techniques -- 16.2.3 Coaxial Needle Techniques -- 16.2.4 Drainage Devices Without a Guide Wire -- 16.3 Complications -- References -- Chapter 17 Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: History, Present, and Future -- 17.1 Historical Background of the Robotic Technology -- 17.2 System Development and Commercialization -- 17.3 Clinical Evolution of the Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Historical Perspective -- 17.4 DaVinci Surgical System Description -- 17.5 Robotic and Laparoscopic Instrumentation -- 17.6 General Considerations and Patient's Position -- 17.7 Robotic Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: Surgical Technique -- 17.7.1 Transperitoneal Approach -- 17.7.2 Retroperitoneal Technique -- 17.8 Series Results of the Radical Robotic Prostatectomy -- 17.9 Conclusions and Future Vision -- References -- Chapter 18 Modeling of Image-Guided Therapy -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Role of Imaging and Modeling for Image-Guided Therapies.

18.2.1 Progression of Imaging.