Contents -- Preface -- 1. The Human Visual System -- 1.1 The Optical System -- 1.2 The Photoreceptors -- 1.3 The Way that Nerve Cells Operate and Communicate -- 1.4 The Neural Network of the Eye -- 1.5 The Visual Cortex -- 2. The Evolution of the Eye -- 2.1 Plants and Light -- 2.2 Different Forms of Eye -- 2.3 The Evolution of the Vertebrate Eye -- 3. Waves and Image Formation -- 3.1 What is Light? -- 3.2 Huygens' Wavelets -- 3.3 Reflection and Refraction -- 3.4 Stereoscopy -- 3.5 Holography -- 4. Seeing Small Objects -- 4.1 Resolution of the Visual System -- 4.2 A Simple Microscope - the Magnifying Glass -- 4.3 The Compound Microscope -- 4.4 Phase-Contrast Microscopy -- 4.5 Electron Microscopy -- 4.5.1 The transmission electron microscope -- 4.5.2 The scanning electron microscope -- 4.5.3 The scanning transmission electron microscope -- 4.5.4 The scanning tunnelling microscope -- 5. Photography and the Recording of Images -- 5.1 The Origins of the Camera -- 5.2 Recording and Storing Monochrome Images -- 5.2.1 Joseph Nicephore Niepce -- 5.2.2 Daguerreotypes -- 5.2.3 William Henry Fox Talbot -- 5.2.4 From the wet collodion process to modern film -- 5.3 The Beginning of Colour Photography -- 5.3.1 Louis Ducos du Hauron -- 5.3.2 The Lippmann process -- 5.4 Modern Colour Photography -- 5.4.1 The autochrome process -- 5.4.2 The modern era of colour photography -- 5.5 The Basic Construction of a Camera -- 5.6 Digital Cameras -- 6. Detecting and Imaging with Infrared Radiation -- 6.1 The Radiation from Hot Bodies -- 6.2 The Detection of Infrared Radiation -- 6.2.1 The effectiveness of infrared and heat detectors -- 6.2.2 Thermocouples and thermopiles -- 6.2.3 Bolometers -- 6.2.4 Golay cells -- 6.2.5 Pyroelectric detectors -- intruder alarms -- 6.3 Infrared Imaging -- 6.3.1 A night-vision device -- 6.3.2 Thermography: thermal imaging -- 7. Radar.

7.1 The Origin of Radar -- 7.2 Determining the Distance -- 7.3 The Basic Requirements of a Radar System -- 7.4 Generators of Radio Frequency Radiation -- 7.4.1 The klystron amplifier -- 7.4.2 The cavity magnetron -- 7.5 Transmitting the Pulses -- 7.5.1 A simple dipole -- 7.5.2 The parabolic reflector -- 7.5.3 Multiple-dipole-array antennae -- 7.5.4 Phased-array radar -- 7.6 Reception and Presentation -- 7.7 Doppler Radar -- 7.7.1 The Doppler effect -- 7.7.2 Pulsed-Doppler radar -- 7.8 Synthetic Aperture Radar -- 7.8.1 A simple illustration of SAR -- 7.8.2 More complex SAR applications -- 7.9 Other Radar Applications -- 7.9.1 Secondary radar -- 7.9.2 Ground penetrating radar -- 8. Imaging the Universe with Visible and Near-Visible Radiation -- 8.1 Optical Telescopes -- 8.2 Refracting Telescopes -- 8.3 Reflecting Telescopes -- 8.4 Infrared Astronomy -- 8.5 Adaptive Optics -- 8.5.1 The Keck telescopes -- 8.5.2 Flexible mirror systems -- 9. Imaging the Universe with Longer Wavelengths -- 9.1 Observations in the Far Infrared -- 9.1.1 COBE results -- 9.2 Radio Telescopes -- 9.2.1 The beginning of radio astronomy -- 9.2.2 Big-dish radio telescopes -- 9.2.3 Radio interferometers -- 9.2.4 Radio telescope images -- 10. Imaging the Universe with Shorter Wavelengths -- 10.1 Some Aspects of Imaging in the Ultraviolet -- 10.1.1 The International Ultraviolet Explorer -- 10.1.2 The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer -- 10.1.3 The extreme ultraviolet imaging telescope -- 10.2 X-ray Telescopes -- 10.3 -ray Telescopes -- 11. Images of the Earth and Planets -- 11.1 Aerial Archaeology -- 11.2 Imaging Earth -- 11.2.1 Global weather -- 11.2.2 Imaging the Earth -- environmental science -- 11.2.3 Making maps -- 11.3 Images of Planets -- 12. Images for Entertainment -- 12.1 Persistence of Vision -- 12.2 Cinematography -- 12.2.1 Some early devices for moving images.

12.2.2 The beginning of cinematography -- 12.2.3 The introduction of colour -- 12.3 Television -- 12.3.1 Mechanical scanning systems -- 12.3.2 Electronic scanning systems -- 12.3.3 Television viewing with cathode ray tubes -- 12.3.4 Television viewing with liquid crystal displays -- 12.3.5 Television viewing with plasma displays -- 12.3.6 Three dimensional television -- 13. Detection and Imaging with Sound and Vibrations -- 13.1 The Nature of Sound Waves -- 13.2 Animal Echolocation -- 13.3 The Origin of Echolocation Devices -- 13.4 Sonar -- 13.5 Imaging the Interior of the Earth -- 13.5.1 Types of seismic wave -- 13.5.2 The passage of body waves through the Earth -- 13.5.3 Interpretation of seismic wave data -- 13.5.4 Geoprospecting with sound -- 14. Medical Imaging -- 14.1 The Discovery of X-rays -- 14.2 X-ray Generators -- 14.3 Recording a Radiographic Image -- 14.4 Computed Tomography - CT Scans -- 14.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 14.6 Imaging with Ultrasound -- 14.6.1 The generation and detection of ultrasound -- 14.6.2 Medical ultrasonic procedures -- A mode -- B mode -- M mode -- Doppler mode -- 15. Images of Atoms -- 15.1 The Nature of Crystals -- 15.1.1 The shapes of crystals -- 15.1.2 The arrangement of atoms in crystals -- 15.2 The Phenomenon of Diffraction -- 15.2.1 A one-dimensional diffraction grating -- 15.2.2 A two-dimensional diffraction grating -- 15.3 The Beginning of X-ray Crystallography -- 15.4 X-rays for Diffraction Experiments -- 15.5 The Phase Problem in Crystallography -- 15.6 Determining Crystal Structures -- Electron-density Images -- 15.7 The Scanning Tunnelling Microscope -- Constant level -- Constant current -- 16. Images of Particles -- 16.1 The Structure of an Atom -- 16.2 Atom-smashing Machines -- 16.3 Many More Particles -- 16.4 Direct Imaging of Particle Tracks -- 16.4.1 Photographic plates.

16.4.2 The Wilson cloud chamber -- 16.4.3 The bubble chamber -- Index.