REGULATORY T CELLS -- REGULATORY T CELLS -- Contents -- Preface -- T Helper 17 Cells Interplay with CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ Regulatory T cells in Regulating Autoimmune Inflammation -- 1. Abstract -- 2. Introduction -- 3. Comparison of the New Multi-Subset Paradigm to the old Th1-Th2 Paradigm -- 3.1. Imperfect Th1-Th2 Paradigm -- 3.2. New CD4+ Th Subsets - Tregs, Th17, Th9, Tfh, IL-10 IFN-Gamma-Secreting CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD28null T Cells -- 3.2.1. Tregs -- 3.2.2. Th17 -- 3.2.3. Th9 -- 3.2.4. Tfh -- 3.2.5. IL-10- IFN-gamma-secreting CD4+ T cells -- 3.2.6. CD4+CD28null T cells -- 4. Structural Characters of IL-17 Family Cytokines -- 5. Th17 Cells, a New Proinflammatory and Autoimmune CD4+ T Cell Subset -- 6. Wide Spectrum Effects of IL-17 on Various Cell Types and Tissues -- 6.1. Synovial Stromal Cells -- 6.2. Fibroblasts -- 6.3. Endothelial Cells -- 6.4. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) -- 6.5. Monocytic Cells and Macrophages -- 6.6. Structural Lung Cells -- 7. Signaling Pathways Initiated by Binding of IL-17 Cytokines and IL-17 Receptors -- 7.1. IL-17 Receptor Family -- 7.2. IL-17 Receptor Complex Components -- 7.3. IL-17 Receptor Signaling -- 8. Th17/IL-17-Mediated Inflammations -- 8.1. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)/Multiple Sclerosis -- 8.2. Inflammatory Skin Disease in Mice and Psoriasis in Humans -- 8.3. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) [1] -- 8.4. Experimental Arthritis/Rheumatoid Arthritis [1] -- 8.5. Atherosclerosis -- 8.6. Diabetes -- 9. Protective Roles of IL-17 in Infections -- 10. Interplay between Th17 Cells and Tregs -- 10.1. Recent Progress in Characterizing Tregs -- 10.2. Reciprocally Interconnected Th17 and Tregs -- 10.3. Inhibition of Th17 by Tregs -- Conclusion -- References -- Human CD8 Tregs as Contender in Chronic Persisting Infections -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Treg Subsets, Markers and Plasticity.

CD8 Tregs in Human Disease -- Mechanism of Suppression by CD8+ Tregs -- The CCL4-CCR5 Axis as a New Player in CD8 Treg Mediated Suppression -- Evidence for Involvement of Tregs in Chronic Human Infectious Diseases -- Human CD4+ Tregs in Infectious Diseases -- Mycobacterial infections -- Parasitic infections -- Other bacterial infections -- Viral infections -- Human CD8+ Tregs in Infectious Diseases -- Mycobacterial infections -- Viral infections -- Antigen Specificity & HLA Restriction of Tregs -- Location of Tregs Suggests Significant Role in Containment of Pathogens, but Timing of Treg Activity is Crucial -- Tregs in TB Vaccination May Inhibit TB Protection: Lessons for Rational Vaccine Design -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Role of Regulatory t Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction -- 2. Regulatory T cells -- 2.1. Adaptive Regulatory T Cells -- 2.1.1. TR1 cells -- 2.1.2. TH3 cells -- 2.2. Natural Regulatory T Cells -- 2.2.1. HLA-G -- 2.2.2. CD4+CD25+ -- 2.3. 4 Mechanisms of Suppression -- 2.3.1. Cytokines -- 2.3.2. Metabolic disruption -- 2.3.3. Targeting dendritic cells -- 2.3.4. Cytolysis -- 2.4. CTLA-4 -- Suppression through TGF-β and FoxP3 -- Physical interaction between Tregs and APCs -- Prolonged contact time through LFA-1 -- 3. Multiple Sclerosis -- 3.1. Pathophysiology -- 3.1.1. TH17 cells -- 3.1.2. IL-6 -- 3.1.3. TGF-β -- 3.1.4. ROR-γt -- 3.1.5. IL-23 -- 3.1.6. Balance TH17 T cells and regulatory T cells -- 3.2. MS Treatment -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Immunoregulatory Cells and Mechanisms of Immune Response -- Abstract -- Immunological Identity, Tolerance, Autoimmunity and Autoimmune Disease -- Immunogenic versus Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells -- Regulatory T Cells: Natural versus Induced -- Natural CD4+CD25+FoxP3 regulatory T cells (nTReg).

Mechanisms of action regulatory cells -- Induced regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (iTReg) -- Tr1: Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-secreting Tr1 CD4+ T cells -- Th3 lymphocytes -- Regulatory/Suppressor CD8+ T-Lymphocytes -- Regulatory Natural Killer Cells -- Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Roles of Regulatory T Cells in Oral Tolerance and Food Allergy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Processing and Sampling of Luminal Ags That Lead to Oral Tolerance -- DCs Command the Induction of Oral Tolerance or Food Allergy -- CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Act as a Key Player in the Development and Maintenance of Oral Tolerance -- CD8+ T Cells-Mediated Suppression: Regulatory CD8+ T Cells -- The Roles of NKT Cells in Oral Tolerance Induction -- Operations Centers for the Induction of Oral Tolerance -- Regulatory t Cells and Patients with Food Allergy -- Regulatory t Cells as a Therapeutic Target for Food Allergy -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- The Role of Regulatory T Cells in GVL and GVHD -- Abstract -- Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation -- Graft versus Leukemia and Graft versus Host Disease -- Regulatory T Cells -- Regulatory T Cells and GVHD/GVL: Lessons from Animal Models -- Translation of Treg Use into the Human Clinical Setting -- Regulatory T-Cells as an Immunomodulatory Tool -- Cytokine Therapy -- Selective Immunosuppression -- Extracorporeal Photopheresis (ECP) -- Regulatory T-Cells as Cellular Therapy -- Adoptive Treg Transfer - Clinical Trials -- Conclusion -- References -- Regulatory T Cells and Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Implication of the Regulatory T Lymphocytes in the Control of the Immune Response -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells -- Tr1 -- 2. Regulatory T Cells and HBV Infection -- 3. Regulatory T Cells and HCV Infection -- Role of the Regulatory T Cells in the Chronic Infection.

Regulatory T Cells in Viral Recurrence after Liver Transplantation -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Regulatory T Cells and Tumor Immunity in the Tumor Microenvironment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Tumor Microenvironment -- Nature and Property of Tregs in Tumors -- Treg Recruitment, Activation and Induction during Tumor Pathogenesis -- 1) Recruitment of Regulatory T Cells -- 2) Expansion of Regulatory T cells -- 3) Conversion of Conventional T Cells into Regulatory T Cells -- Tregs and Immune Suppression -- 1) Cytokine Mediated Immune Suppression -- 2) Cell-Cell Contact Mediated Immune Suppression -- 3) Apoptosis Mediated Immune Suppression -- Conclusion -- References -- Advantages and Disadvantages of and Cooperation between CD8+ and CD4+ Regulatory T Cells -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Essential Summary of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells -- General Cautions with Respect to Discussions of CD8+ Regulatory T Cells -- CD8+ Regulatory T Cells without Distinct Markers -- CD8+CD28- Regulatory T Cells -- CD8 Regulatory T Cells with M HC-Class Ib Restriction -- CD8+CD103+ Regulatory T Cells -- CD8+ Regulatory T Cells That Express Markers of CD4+ Regulatory T Cells -- Other CD8+ Regulatory T Cells Identified by Different Marker Molecules -- CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells -- Discovery of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells -- Suppressive Mechanism of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells -- Application of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells to Autoimmune Diseases -- Human Counterpart of Mouse CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells -- The Search for Additional Specific Markers of CD8+CD122+ Regulatory T Cells -- Cooperation of CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells and CD8+CD22+ Regulatory T Cells -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Regulatory T Cells in Arthritis: Why Do They Fail? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Regulatory T Cells: An Essential Role in Maintaining Tolerance.

Regulatory Cell Phenotype -- Regulatory T Cell Suppression of Inflammation -- Regulatory T Cell Defects in Arthritis -- Treg Numbers -- The Inflammatory Milieu in Arthritis -- Plasticity in Regulatory T Cells -- Treg Defects in Human Arthritis -- Novel Therapeutic Approaches -- Treg Immunotherapy: Existing Therapies and Novel Approaches -- Conclusions -- References -- Immune Homeostasis Maintained by Tregs -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Proliferation of Treg is Dependent on Exogenous IL-2 or the Responding Cells -- 2. Tregs Proliferate well in vitro as well as in vivo -- 3. Distinct Modes of Suppression According to the Strength of Signal - A Quantitative Analysis -- 4. Tregs Lower CD25 Expression on the Responder Cells -- 5. Contra-Suppression -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Regulating Foxp3 by Cis Elements -- Introduction -- nTregs -- iTregs -- Promoter -- CNS1 -- CNS2/TSDR -- CNS3 -- Foxp3 Methylation and Treg Stability -- Future Perspective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Genetic Engineering of Antigen-Specific Regulatory T Cells -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Tregs Redirected with Antigen-Specific Receptors -- I. Treg Redirected with MHCII-Peptide Chimeric Receptor -- II. Treg Redirected with Ectopic TCR -- III. Redirection of Treg in an MHC Independent Manner -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Disorders and Immunomodulation -- References -- The Number of Regulatory T Cells: Pursuit of the Golden Mean -- Abstract -- Heterogeneity of Treg Subset and the Change of Treg Repertoire with the Course of Time -- Treg Deficiency -- Superfluous Treg Accumulation -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.