Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part I International economic law: conceptions of convergence and divergence -- 1 The end of the globalization debate: continued -- I Introduction -- II The origins of the anti-globalization movement and the original globalization debate -- Why the globalization debate is over (or, at least, the first globalization debate) -- III The end of the globalization debate thesis reconsidered: new or revived challenges to globalization -- The financial and economic crisis -- IV A resurgence of strong sovereignty and nationalism as counter-perspectives to globalization? -- 2 Global economic institutions and the autonomy of development policy: a pluralist approach -- I Introduction -- II The development policy of the GEIs and proposed improvements -- III Emergence of a global legal order and a pluralist approach -- IV Practical implications of the pluralist approach -- V Conclusion -- 3 Fragmentation, openness and hegemony: adjudication and the WTO -- I Introduction -- II Technicalisation -- III Fragmentation: the telos of specialisation -- Weber and Luhmann, functional differentiation -- IV Solipsism and operational closure: being an expert -- The nature of expertise -- V The functioning of operational closure -- Self-reference and coding -- Normative closure and cognitive openness -- The internal environment -- Applying foreign law: expertise effaced -- Andrew Lang and the 'trade and …' debate -- Emissaries from another world? -- Expertise re-visited: indeterminacy -- VI Coherence and hegemony: the delusion of (Dworkinian) interpretation -- VII Law(yer)s' desire for a meta-system -- VIII Implications for WTO adjudication -- The regulatory trilemma -- The Hartian desire for verification -- Gateways work two ways.

Homogeneity lost? Openness and the disintegration of trade law -- IX Conclusions -- Part II WTO treaty interpretation: implications and consequences -- 4 Demanding perfection: private food standards and the SPS agreement -- I Introduction -- II Private standards -- Development and coverage -- Motivation -- Form -- Monitoring and enforcement -- III The SPS Agreement and private standards -- Are private standards 'SPS measures'? -- Actions by non-governmental entities -- IV Implications -- For the international trading system -- For developing countries -- For retailers and consumers -- V Conclusion -- 5 Eroding national autonomy from the TRIPS Agreement -- I Introduction -- II Minimum standards -- Copyright -- Trade marks and geographical indications -- Patents -- Enforcement of intellectual property -- III Exceptions to minimum standards protection -- IV Harmonisation outside of TRIPS -- V Concluding thoughts -- 6 The WTO and RTAs: a 'bottom-up' interpretation of RTAs' autonomy over WTO law -- I Introduction -- II The relationship between the WTO and RTAs according to existing doctrine: criticism -- III The bottom-up approach to the WTO and regionalism and its customary law implications -- IV Difficulties with the argument (and overcoming them?) -- The attribution of RTAs' behaviours to the Member States -- The content of the customary rule -- Duration of the customary rule -- V Is there an international custom behind RTAs' autonomy from WTO law? -- Theory/methodology -- The extent of the 'regional exception' -- The concept of 'regional exception' -- The horizontal dimension of the 'regional exception' -- The vertical dimension of the 'regional exception' -- The degree of RTAs' autonomy in respect to the WTO legal order -- The three-level sequence of the analysis -- The first level -- The second level -- The third level.

The degree of enforceability of the WTO rules on RTAs -- VI Conclusion -- 7 'Gambling' with sovereignty: complying with international obligations or upholding national autonomy -- I Introduction -- II General links between WTO dispute settlement and sovereignty -- Judicial activism and overreaching -- Implementation of dispute settlement rulings and recommendations -- The DSU, international obligations and national autonomy -- III Suspending WTO obligations - a viable way to enforce international obligations? -- US - Gambling and the inadequacy of traditional retaliation -- Cross-retaliation under TRIPS - a feasible alternative? -- IV Amending existing WTO commitments - a viable way to escape international obligations? -- The system for withdrawing GATS commitments in the context of US - Gambling -- National autonomy versus international obligations under GATS Art. XXI and the DSU -- V Conclusions -- Part III Responding to international economic law commitments -- 8 Safety standards and indigenous products: what role for traditional knowledge? -- I Introduction -- II Too much regulatory autonomy? The Pacific Islands' kava experience -- Background -- Alarm bells -- The long road to exoneration -- 'Success' -- III The WTO framework for regulating indigenous products -- Which agreement applies? -- The SPS Agreement and indigenous products -- IV Potential solutions for indigenous products -- Dispute settlement -- Harmonization -- Recognizing traditional uses -- V What role for traditional knowledge? -- Traditional use and traditional knowledge -- Culture -- Room for culture in risk assessment? -- SPS Committee -- VI Conclusion -- 9 The GATS and temporary migration policy -- I Introduction -- II Scope of the GATS -- III GATS Mode 4 -- IV Progressive liberalisation of services trade: the best way forward -- An analysis of the term 'liberalisation'.

Historical background -- V Services trade negotiating positions of the EC in the Doha Round -- Initial offers -- Revised offers -- VI Quo vadis, multilateralism? -- VII Final remarks -- 10 A different approach to the external trade requirement of GATT Article XXIV: assessing 'other regulations of commerce' in the context of EU enlargement and its heightened regulatory standards -- I Introduction -- II The external trade requirement in Article XXIV paras. 5 and 8: problematic application of mixed requirements -- The concepts of 'other regulations of commerce' and 'other restrictive regulations of commerce' -- 'Other regulations of commerce' as an evolving concept: standards -- III The EU's evolving food safety regulation: (a matter of increase in trade barriers through ORCs?) -- The EU's status as a customs union within the WTO -- The internal market and the EU's evolving regulatory system in food safety: a historical account -- The implications of EU food safety regulation and the impact of enlargement -- Applying the Article XXIV tests to EU regulatory standards -- IV Multilevel and transnational governance issues of EU food safety standards -- V Conclusion -- Part IV Transformations in international economic law -- 11 Foreign investors vs sovereign states: towards a global framework, BIt by BIt -- I Introduction -- II Foreign investments: an evolving new paradigm -- Industry -- Investors -- Directions -- Novel players -- III International attempts to establish FDI standards of rights and obligations -- IV Bilateral investment treaties -- Common provisions -- Dispute settlement -- V Application of international standards to sovereign states -- Environment -- Metalclad -- Methanex -- Denial of justice -- Loewen -- Mondev International Ltd. v. United States -- The 'highest common denominator' treatment? Implications of Maffezini -- VI Conclusion.

12 How 'trade in services' transforms the regulation of temporary migration for remittances in poor countries -- I Introduction -- II The transnational market for services labour -- III GATS Mode 4 as legal fetishism -- Shifting the regulatory paradigm -- Redefining labour mobility as trade -- The illusion of neutrality -- Selectivity through GATS schedules -- IV Redefining Mode 4 through regional and bilateral agreements -- V The Mode 4 conundrum -- VI Socioregulatory adjustment and Mode 4 in Fiji -- VII Conclusion -- 13 Reconceptualising international investment law: bringing the public interest into private business -- I Introduction -- II Transformations in public international law -- Non-state actors, soft law and the interaction of principles -- Global public law -- Reorienting international investment law -- III Treaty-based reform -- IISD Agreement on Investment for Sustainable Development -- IV Emerging principles of sustainability and corporate social and environmental responsibility -- V Reform of the dispute settlement system -- Appellate body within ICSID -- An international investment court -- Appellate body within a new responsible investment convention -- VI International investment networks -- VII Conclusion -- Index.