IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT, TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -- IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT,TECHNOLOGIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT OF FIELD CROPS: RICE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CLASSIFICATION OF RICE -- 1.1. General Overview -- 1.2. Origin and Diffusion -- 1.3. Domestication -- 1.4. Hybrids -- 1.5. Outline of the Rice Life History -- The Basic Processes of the Life History of Rice Can Be Applied to Any Cultivation System, with Some Modification. -- 1.6. Classification -- 2. RICE MORPHOLOGY -- 2.1. Root Characteristics and Its Behavior -- 2.2. Water and Nutrient Uptake by Root System -- Water and Nutrient Uptake by Old and New Roots -- Root Characteristics Related to Drought Resistance -- 3. GROWTH PHASES AND STAGES OF RICE PLANT -- Vegetative Phase -- Reproductive Stage -- Ripening Phase -- 4. RICE GROWING CONDITION: SOIL AND WEATHER -- 4.1. Soil Types -- 4.2. Effect of Climate -- 4.3. Solar Radiation -- 4.4. Solar Radiation Requirement at Different Growth Stages -- 4.5. Critical Low and High Temperature -- 4.6. Effect of Water Deficit on Growth and Yield -- 4.7. Effect of Water Excess on Growth and Yield -- 5. RICE CULTIVATION METHODS -- 5.1. Transplanting Method -- 5.2. Wet Seeding Method -- 5.3. Dry Seeding Method -- 6. WATER REQUIREMENT IN RICE FIELD -- 6.1. General Overview -- 6.2. Growth Phase Wise Water Requirement of Rice -- Water Requirement during Land Preparation Period -- Evapotranspiration (ET) -- Seepage and Percolation (S&P) -- Water Balance -- Estimation of Water Requirement For Rice -- When to Irrigate and How Much Water to Apply -- 7. IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES -- 7.1. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Method -- Practical Implementation of AWD -- Field Water Tube -- 7.2. Supplemental Irrigation by Rain Water Harvesting for Drought Mitigation.

What is Supplemental Irrigation? -- Role of Supplemental Irrigation -- Timely Transplanting -- Early Drought Mitigation -- Terminal Drought Mitigation -- Determination of Time for Supplemental Irrigation -- Adoption of Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) Method -- Adoption of Irrigation Three Days after Disappearing Standing Water -- Forecasting of Rainfall -- Determination of Supplemental Irrigation Quantity -- Sources of Supplemental Irrigation -- Surface Water -- On Farm Rainwater Harvest -- Ground Water -- Methods of Application for Supplemental Irrigation -- Impact of Supplemental Irrigation -- Economics of Supplemental Irrigation -- 8. IRRIGATION APPLICATION AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM -- 8.1. Irrigation Application System -- Gravity-Flow Systems -- Pressurized Systems -- 8.2. Irrigation Drainage Systems -- 9. OTHER PRACTICES AFFECTING IRRIGATION -- 9.1. Nutrient and Pest Management -- 9.2. Erosion Control -- 9.3. Water Conservation -- 9.4. Irrigation Technology and Environmental Benefits -- 10. FACTORS AFFECTING TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION -- 10.1. Capital Requirements -- 10.2. Technology Information -- 10.3. Water Cost -- 10.4. Water Supply -- 11. EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT ON YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF INBRED, HYBRID AND AEROBIC RICE VARIETIES -- REFERENCES -- THE SAP FLOW TECHNIQUE: A PRECISE MEANS TO ESTIMATE WATER CONSUMPTION OF YOUNG OLIVE TREES (OLEA EUROPAEA L.) -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 2.1. Experimental Site -- 2.2. Olive Orchard and Crop Management Practices -- 2.3. Measurements -- 2.4. Instrumentation and Sap Flux Measurements at Field Level -- 2.5. Probe Calibration Experiment -- 2.6. Conductive Stem Section Experiment -- 2.7. Calculation of the Whole-Tree Sap Flow -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. Probe Calibration -- 3.2. Water-Conducting Wood Section -- 3.3. Signal Courses -- 3.4. Sap Flow Density Courses.

3.5. Sap Flux Variations -- 3.5.1. Sensor Direction -- 3.5.2. Sensor Type -- 3.5.3. Weather and Watering Conditions -- 3.5.4. Leaf Conductance -- 3.6. Annual Sap Flux Course and Transpiration Rates -- 4. DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- DEDICATION -- REFERENCES -- RESPONSES OF APPLE TO PARTIAL ROOT-ZONE DRYING: A REVIEW -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- REGULATED DEFICIT IRRIGATION -- PARTIAL ROOT-ZONE DRYING -- Soil Moisture -- Plant Water Status -- Vegetative Growth -- Yields -- Fruit Quality -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- FIELD STUDIES ON THE USE OF SALINE WATER FOR DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN ARID TUNISIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEFICIT IRRIGATION OF THE POTATO CROP -- 3. COMBINED EFFECTS OF SALINITY AND NITROGENON POTATO PRODUCTION -- 4. USE OF DRIP AND FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS -- 5. SURFACE DRIP VS SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION METHODS -- 6. DEFICIT IRRIGATION OF THE CARROT CROP -- 7. DEFICIT IRRIGATION OF MILLET -- 8. DEFICIT IRRIGATION OF BARLEY -- 9. ALTERNATIVE WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- WATER CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS IN PAKISTAN AGRICULTURE FOR ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY: SYNTHESIS AND NEW EVIDENCE -- ABSTRACT -- 1. BACKGROUND -- 1.1. Past, Present and Future Water Scenarios -- 1.2. Traditional Irrigation Practices -- 1.3. Current Crop and Water Productivities -- 2. WATER CONSERVATION TECHNOLOGIES -- 2.1. Scope and Constraints -- 2.2. Water Saving Technologies -- 2.2.1. Watercourse Improvement -- 2.2.2. LASER Land Leveling -- 2.2.3. Zero Tillage Technology -- Advantages of Zero Tillage -- 2.2.4. Bed & Furrow Irrigation System / Bed Planting -- Situation in Punjab and Pakistan -- 2.3. Pilot Areas Studies -- 2.3.1. Rice-Wheat Consortium Project -- 2.3.2. Permanent Raised Bed Project -- Project Objectives -- Project Targets.

2.3.3. Cereal Systems Initiative in South Asia (CSISA) Project -- 2.3.4. On Farm Research and Development Component LCC Rehabilitation Project -- 2.3.5. Future Thrust and Realization -- 3. RAISED BED TECHNOLOGY -- 3.1. Definition -- 3.2. Size of Bed-Furrow Systems -- 3.3. Design of Bed-Furrow Planting Machine -- 3.3.1. Salient Features of the Bed Planting Machine -- 3.4. Planting of Crops on Bed-Furrow System -- Wheat -- Plant Population -- Irrigation Water Saving in Wheat -- Wheat Grain Yield -- Intercropping of Sugarcane in Bed Planted Wheat -- Maize -- Cotton -- Rice -- 4. UP-SCALING WATER CONSERVATION INTERVENTIONS -- 4.1. Water Shortage Scenario and Water Management Options -- 4.2. Water Management Options -- 4.2.1. Bed Furrow Planting (Raised Bed Technology) -- 4.2.2. Drip Irrigation -- 4.2.3. Use of Treated Wastewater for Agriculture -- 4.2.4. Change in Cropping Pattern -- 4.3. Water Saving Potential under RCTs -- 4.4. Summary and Recommendation for Institutional and Policy Reforms -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ASSESSING SUITABILITY OF GROUNDWATER FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSE IN COASTAL JORF AQUIFER, SOUTHEASTERN TUNISIA: GEOSTATISTICAL APPROAC -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Approaches of groundwater suitability assessment -- 2. CHEMICAL WATER COMPOSITION -- 3. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS -- 3.1. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) -- 3.2. Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) -- 3.3. Sodium Percentage (%Na) -- 3.4. Permeability Index (PI) -- 3.5. Kelly's index (KI) -- 4. A CASE STUDY: COASTAL JORF AQUIFER, SOUTHEASTERN TUNISIA -- 4.1. Study Area and Geological Setting -- 4.2. Data Sampling and Analysis -- 4.3. Groundwater Chemical Composition and Origin of Salinity -- 4.4. Assessment of Water Quality for Irrigation Purpose -- 4.4.1. Geostatistical Analysis -- 4.4.2. Groundwater Assessment for Irrigation Use.

Total Dissolved Salts -- Sodium Percentage -- Sodium Adsorption Ratio -- Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR) and Permeability Index (PI) -- Kelly's Index -- 4.5. Richards Classification -- 4.6. Salinity Hazard of Groundwater Resource Degradation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ASSESSING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION IN GHANA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION POTENTIAL IN GHANA -- 3. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -- 4. DATA DESCRIPTION -- 5. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS -- CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT: EFFECTS OF SOYBEAN DISEASES ON SEED COMPOSITION IN GENOTYPES DIFFERING IN DISEASE RESISTANCE UNDER IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED CONDITIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOYBEAN IRRIGATION AND IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES -- 2.1. Water Use -- 2.2. Scheduling -- 2.3. Scientific Methods of Scheduling Irrigations -- 2.3.1. Tensiometers -- 2.3.2. Granular Matrix Sensors -- 2.3.3. The Waterbalance Method -- 2.4. Improving Efficiency -- 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 3.1. Charcoal Rot Experiment -- 3.1.1. Growth Conditions -- 3.1.2. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis -- 3.2. Phomopsis Experiment -- 3.2.1. Growth Conditions -- 3.2.2. Inoculation and Disease Rating -- 3.2.3. Data Analysis -- 3.3. General Materials and Methods for Charcoal Rot and Phomopsis Experiments -- 3.3.1. Seed Analysis for Protein, Oil, and Fatty Acids -- 3.3.2. Seed Analysis for Sucrose, Raffinose, and Stachyose -- 3.3.3. Analysis of Isoflavones -- 3.3.4. Seed Mineral Composition -- 3.3.5. Boron Measurement -- 3.3.6. Phosphorus Measurement -- 4. RESULTS -- 4.1. Charcoal Rot -- 4.1.1. Effects on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Sugars under Irrigated Conditions -- 4.1.2. Effects on Seed Minerals and Isoflavones under Irrigated Conditions.

4.1.3. Effects on Seed Protein, Oil, Fatty Acids, and Sugars under Nonirrigated Conditions.