Cover -- Contributors -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Variation in Typology, Acquisition and Change -- 1 Antisymmetry and Japanese* -- Introduction -- Japanese -- The Position of Objects -- Relative Pronouns -- Head-Finality -- Additional Cross-Linguistic 'Gaps' -- Serial Verbs -- Aux V vs. V Aux -- Adverbs and ('Heavy') Objects -- OVX Languages -- Subordinating Conjunctions -- Negation and Auxiliaries -- DP -- Some Modifications -- Word Order in Adjuncts vs. in Complements -- Adpositions and Complementizers -- (Remnant) VP-Movement -- Postpositions -- Prepositional Complementizers -- Non-Prepositional Complementizers -- Final Complementizers -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Toward a Theory of Language Growth -- Endowment and Experience -- The Variational Model of Language Acquisition -- Triggering and Typological Thinking -- A Variational Interpretation of Child Language -- Variations in Child Grammar -- Subject Drop as Topic Drop -- Optionality in Wh-questions -- From Data to Grammar -- Not all Parameters are Set Early -- Parameters and Frequencies -- Toward Language Growth -- Variation and Universal Grammar -- Variation and Selectionist Growth -- References -- 3 Phase Transitions in Language Evolution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Conceptual Framework of Language Evolution -- Example 1 -- An Example of Lexical Change -- Example 2 -- Linguistic Background -- Computational Analysis -- The Grammatical Setting -- Learning and Evolution -- Bifurcations and Syntactic Change -- Outlook -- References -- Variation in Genetics and Domain Specificity -- 4Genetic Differences and Language Affinities -- Human Evolution: The Results of Paleontology -- Paleontology, Archaeology, Linguistics and Population Genetics: Different Dates, But One Human History -- The Beginnings of Human Population Genetics.

Genetic Relationships Between Living Primates -- Origin of Modern Humans -- The Peopling History of Europe -- Correlation Between Linguistic and Genetic Diversity -- Linguistic Boundaries and Genetic Barriers: Blood Group and Protein Data -- Molecular Genetic Data and Linguistic Groups -- A Different Time Scale for the Evolution of DNA Data and Languages -- References -- 5 Beyond Narrow Syntax* -- The Place of the C-I Interface -- Some Theoretical Observations -- Some Experimental Observations -- The Model -- Referentially Dependent Elements -- Information Structure and the Distribution of Pronominals -- Special Registers -- Omissions in Child and Aphasic Speech -- Open Questions -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 6 Evidence for and Implications of a Domain-Specific Grammatical Deficit -- Relations between Genes, Cognitive Systems, Development and Grammatical Deficits -- Grammatical-SLI -- Non-Verbal Cognitive Abilities -- Non-Grammatical Language Abilities -- Grammatical Abilities -- Morpho-Syntax -- The Representational Deficit for Dependent Relations(RDDR) Account of G-SLI -- Testing the Predictions of the RDDR Hypothesis -- Predicted Deficits -- Predictions for Wh-Questions -- Predicting G-SLI Subjects' Strengths: Negation -- Cross-Linguistic Evidence for the RDDR -- Phonological Representations and G-SLI Children -- Autonomy, Interaction or Cause: Evidence from Regular and Irregular Morphology -- Conclusion -- References -- Neurological Variation and Language Emergence -- 7 The Representation of Grammatical Knowledge in the Brain -- Introduction -- Initial Observations -- What Constitutes Evidence? -- Studying Grammatical Categories -- Grammatical-Category Specific Deficits -- Modality-Specific Deficits -- Modality-Specific Deficits: A Broader View -- Nouns and Verbs: A Grammatical or Semantic Deficit?.

Nouns and Verbs: Morphosyntax and Grammatical Categories -- Neuroanatomicat Correlates of Noun and Verb Production -- Evidence from Neuroimaging and TMS -- Discussion -- What is the Function of the Left Frontal Cortex? -- Different Categories or Different Morphosyntactic Mechanisms? -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Variation in Broca's Region: Preliminary Cross-Methodological Comparisons -- Modularity in Anatomy and Linguistics -- From Neurology to Neurolinguistics -- A Typology of Neurolinguistic Arguments -- Lesion/Aphasia Studies through the Measurement and Analysis of Error -- Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Activity through ERP and MEG -- Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD) Signal as Monitored in PET and fMRI -- Damage to LIFG Results in a Receptive Deficit to XP-Movement -- Trace-Deletion: The Basics -- Chance Comprehension -- Above-Chance Comprehension -- Failed Determination of Grammatical Status -- Successful Determination of Grammatical Status -- Mapping Representations onto Performance -- Cross Linguistic Variation -- Individual Variation and Quantitative Syntax -- Summary -- Finely Tuned Receptive Syntactic Operations in the Healthy Brain: Role of LIFG in Movement -- Anatomical Variation: A Caveat -- Step I: Imaging "Sentence Complexity" -- Step II: Movement Activates Broca's Region in fMRI -- Step III: Double Objects -- An Afterthought -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Language Emergence in a Language-Ready Brain: Acquisition* -- Introduction -- First-Language Acquisition -- Learning from Native Language User Models -- Creolization -- Re-Creolization -- Language Emergence de Novo -- The Focus of This Paper -- Availability of the Data -- Notation -- The Lexical and Sublexical Structure of ASL Signs -- MOV-LOC Notation -- Language -- American Sign Language (Sublexical Morphology in Frozen Signs) -- Encourage.

Meet -- Summary -- Nicaraguan Sign Language (Sublexical Morphology in Productive Signs) -- Summary -- Gesture -- Distinguishing Gesture from Signing -- Characteristics of Gestural Communication -- Gestures Shared by a Cultural Group -- The Cooccurrence of Gesture and Language -- Gesturers Influenced by Exposure to a Signed Language After the Critical Period -- Repitition -- Lexicon -- Grammar -- Summary -- Language-Relevant Non-Language Input -- Gestural Precursors to Typological Choices -- Null Subjects -- Role Prominence -- Causative Markers -- Spatial Agreement -- Auxiliaries -- Serial Verbs -- Reduplication for Aspect Marking on Verbs -- Nonmanual Markers for Questions -- Topic Marking -- Summary -- Emergent Language Characteristics Not Evident in the Input -- Nonmanual Grammatical Facial Expressions Over Syntactic Domains -- Multiple Arguments Associated with a Single Verb -- Three Distinct Morphological Classes of Verbs -- Object Classifiers -- Recursion -- Typological Characteristics Divergent from the Input -- A Noun Classifier System -- Lip-Pointing as a Means of Deixis -- Summary -- Conclusion -- References -- Variation in Developmental Genetics and Language Disorders -- 10 Lenneberg's Dream: Learning, Normal Language Development, and Specific Language Impairment -- The Computational System of Language -- Inflection and Tense -- Optional Infinitives in Children -- Very Early Parameter Setting, Learning, and Imitation -- OIs in English -- Subject Case -- Variation Across Languages in the OI Stage: The NS/OI Correlation -- Crosslinguistic Variation in Development -- Is the OI Stage Due to Learning? -- Problems for the Hypothesis that Learning is the Cause of the Fading Away of the OI Stage -- Is it Genetically-Guided Maturation? -- Further Evidence that the OI Stage Dies away under Maturational Guidance.

Additional Empirical Arguments That the UCC Is Genetically (Maturationally, Developmentally) Guided -- Variables that Affect Learning -- Behavioral Genetics -- Specific Language Impairment -- Clinical Markers for SLI: Crosslinguistic Variation -- Genetics and SLI -- References -- 11 Exploring the Phenotype of Specific Language Impairment: A Look at Grammatical Variability -- Introduction -- The Central Role of Variability -- Ruling Out Random Use -- Ruling Out Memorization as the Principal Source of Variability -- Implications -- Variability and the Extended Optional Infinitive Account -- Variability and Sentence Formulation Demands -- Sentence Formulation and Argument Structure -- Facilitation of Sentence Formulation Through Priming -- When Linguistic Knowledge and Processing Accounts are Compatible -- Summary -- References -- 12 The Investigation of Genetic Dysphasia -- Introduction -- Dysphasia -- Genetic Evidence -- Neurology -- Alternative Explanations -- Linguistic Data -- Psycholinguistics -- Conclusion -- References -- Bibliography on Genetic Dysphasia and Related Language Specific Impairment -- Unification of Linguistics into the Natural Sciences -- 13 Unification in Biolinguistics -- Introduction -- FOXP2 and the Language Gene Discussion -- Emergentism -- Rethinking the Nature-Nurture Debate -- Lieberman's Critique of the Biolinguistic Approach -- On Language -- "Everest Linguistics" -- On Development -- On Evolution -- Beyond Explanatory Adequacy -- Symmetry Breaking as an Origin of Species -- Language as a Complex System -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 The Immune Syntax: The Evolution of the Language Virus1 -- What is Language that it may have Evolved? -- Constituent Structure -- Discrete Infinity and Recursion -- Displacement -- Locality -- Redundancy -- Limited Linguistic Differences -- Learnability -- Autonomy of Syntax.

Full Interpretation and Compositionality.