LMF - Lexical Markup Framework.
Title:
LMF - Lexical Markup Framework.
Author:
Francopoulo, Gil.
ISBN:
9781118712665
Personal Author:
Edition:
1st ed.
Physical Description:
1 online resource (283 pages)
Series:
Iste
Contents:
Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The context -- 1.3. The foundations: the Grosseto Workshop and the "X-Lex" projects -- 1.4. EAGLES and ISLE -- 1.5. Setting up methodologies and principles for standards -- 1.5.1. The MILE methodology: toward LMF -- 1.6. EAGLES/ISLE legacy -- 1.6.1. Lessons learned for standard design -- 1.6.2. Moving closer to LMF -- 1.7. Interoperability: the keystone of the field -- 1.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Model Description -- 2.1. Objectives -- 2.2. The ISO specification -- 2.3. Means of description -- 2.4. Core model -- 2.5. Core model and extension packages -- 2.6. Morphology extension -- 2.7. Machine-Readable Dictionary extension -- 2.8. NLP syntax extension -- 2.9. NLP semantic extension -- 2.10. Multilingual notation extension -- 2.11. NLP morphological pattern extension -- 2.12. NLP multiword expression pattern extension -- 2.13. Constraint expression extension -- 2.14. Conclusion -- 2.15. Bibliography -- Chapter 3. LMF and the Data Category Registry: Principles and Application -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Data category specifications -- 3.2.1. Data model -- 3.2.2. Persistent identifiers -- 3.2.3. Standardization -- 3.3. The ISOcat Data Category Registry -- 3.3.1. A web user interface -- 3.3.2. Communities -- 3.4. LMF and data categories -- 3.4.1. Data category selections -- 3.4.2. Referring to data categories -- 3.4.3. Standardizing data categories -- 3.5. Conclusions and future work -- 3.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 4. Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for Multilingual Wordnets -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. The KYOTO project -- 4.3. LMF and Wordnet representation -- 4.4. Wordnet-LMF -- 4.4.1. Designing Wordnet-LMF -- 4.4.2. LMF components -- 4.4.3. Additional and custom components.
4.4.4. Comparing LMF and Wordnet-LMF -- 4.5. Conclusions -- 4.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 5. Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and their Relations -- 5.1. Motivation -- 5.2. Prolmf basis -- 5.3. More on lexica and relations in Prolmf -- 5.4. Conclusion -- 5.5. Bibliography -- 5.6. Appendix -- Chapter 6. LMF for Arabic -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Modeling of the basic properties -- 6.3. Modeling of the morphologic extension -- 6.4. Modeling of the morphologic pattern extension -- 6.5. Modeling of the syntactic extension -- 6.6. Modeling of the semantic extension -- 6.7. Arabic LMF applications -- 6.8. Implementation -- 6.9. Conclusion -- 6.10. Bibliography -- Chapter 7. LMF for a Selection of African Languages -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Less-resourced languages -- 7.2.1. Definition -- 7.2.2. Socio-economic context -- 7.2.3. Linguistic resources -- 7.2.4. Building electronic lexical resources -- 7.3. From published dictionaries to LMF -- 7.3.1. Objectives -- 7.3.2. Methodology -- 7.4. Illustrations -- 7.4.1. Definition of the copy format -- 7.4.2. From original format to copy format -- 7.4.3. From copy format to pivot format -- 7.4.4. From pivot format to target format -- 7.5. Difficulties and proposals -- 7.5.1. Data category -- 7.5.2. LMF structure -- 7.5.3. Adding annotations -- 7.6. Conclusion -- 7.7. Acknowledgments -- 7.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 8. LMF and its Implementation in Some Asian Languages -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Lexical specification and data categories -- 8.2.1. Lexical specification -- 8.2.2. Data categories -- 8.3. Upper-layer ontology -- 8.4. Evaluation platform -- 8.5. Discussion -- 8.6. Conclusion -- 8.7. Acknowledgments -- 8.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 9. DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. DUELME -- 9.3. LMF -- 9.4. The DUELME class model.
9.5. Comparison with the LMF Core Package -- 9.6. Comparison with the LMF NLP multiword expression patterns extension -- 9.7. Conclusions -- 9.8. Acknowledgments -- 9.9. Bibliography -- Chapter 10. UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries of Language-Independent Lexicon Models -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Architecture of UBY-LMF -- 10.3. Language independence of UBY-LMF -- 10.3.1. Language-specific lexical-syntactic information -- 10.3.2. Translation information -- 10.3.3. Language-independent lexical-semantic information -- 10.3.4. Language-independent semantic information at the interface to syntax -- 10.4. FrameNet in UBY-LMF -- 10.5. Conclusion -- 10.6. Acknowledgments -- 10.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 11. Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF: Application to French -- 11.1. Motivation -- 11.2. The Lexicon-Grammar -- 11.2.1. Lexicon-Grammar tables -- 11.2.2. The LGLex dictionary -- 11.2.3. The LGLex-Lefff dictionary -- 11.3. Lexical entries -- 11.4. Subcategorization frames -- 11.4.1. Subcategorization frame sets -- 11.4.2. Grammatical functions -- 11.4.3. Representation of syntactic arguments -- 11.4.4. Levels of generality of syntactic constructions -- 11.4.5. Constituents -- 11.5. Results -- 11.6. Conclusion -- 11.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 12. Collaborative Tools: From Wiktionary to LMF, for Synchronic and Diachronic Language Data -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Wiktionary -- 12.3. Related work -- 12.4. Additional challenges: how to encode the diversity of Wiktionary lexicon in LMF? -- 12.4.1. Diachronic language data in Wiktionary -- 12.4.2. A possible solution for interlinking dictionaries converted into LMF -- 12.5. Conclusion -- 12.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 13. LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for Resource Merging: Converters and Problems -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Automatic merging of resources.
13.3. Moving from PAROLE Genelex to LMF -- 13.3.1 Lexical entry -- 13.3.2. Subcategorization -- 13.3.3. Properties (attributes vs. complex data categories) -- 13.4. Conclusion -- 13.5. Availability of resources -- 13.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 14. LMF as a Foundation for Servicized Lexical Resources -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Lexical resources as lexical Web services -- 14.3. LMF-aware Web services in the RESTful style -- 14.4. Implementation showcases -- 14.4.1. Servicizing WordNet-type computational semantic lexicons -- 14.4.2. Bilingual machine-readable dictionaries -- 14.4.3. Status of the developed services -- 14.5. Summary -- 14.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 15. Creating a Serialization of LMF: The Experience of the RELISH Project -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Overview of the RELISH interchange format -- 15.3. Mapping of equivalent elements -- 15.3.1. Entry and headword -- 15.3.2. Sense and its contained elements -- 15.4. Complex mappings -- 15.4.1. Relations -- 15.4.2. Notes and feature structures -- 15.4.3. Grammatical information -- 15.4.4. Examples and extending LMF -- 15.5. Harmonization of linguistic concepts -- 15.6. Conclusions and future work -- 15.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 16. Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF -- 16.1. Motivation -- 16.2. Preparing recognition -- 16.3. Context of usage -- 16.4. Ontology of types -- 16.5. Main source: Wikipedia -- 16.6. Extraction -- 16.7. Auxiliary machine learning -- 16.8. LMF structures -- 16.9. Example -- 16.10. Results -- 16.11. Current limitations and planned improvements -- 16.12. LMF limitations -- 16.13. Related work -- 16.14. Conclusion -- 16.15. Bibliography -- Chapter 17. LMF in U.S. Government Language Resource Management -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Wordscape overview -- 17.3. The goal -- 17.4. The importance of data standards -- 17.5. Language base exchange.
17.6. Managing multilingual representations -- 17.7. Managing grammatical information -- 17.8. Grammatical information, an MRD example -- 17.9. Managing LBX schema and document instances -- 17.10. Data exchange using LBX -- 17.11. Summary -- List of Authors -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.
Abstract:
The community responsible for developing lexicons for Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Machine Readable Dictionaries (MRDs) started their ISO standardization activities in 2003. These activities resulted in the ISO standard - Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). After selecting and defining a common terminology, the LMF team had to identify the common notions shared by all lexicons in order to specify a common skeleton (called the core model) and understand the various requirements coming from different groups of users. The goals of LMF are to provide a common model for the creation and use of lexical resources, to manage the exchange of data between and among these resources, and to enable the merging of a large number of individual electronic resources to form extensive global electronic resources. The various types of individual instantiations of LMF can include monolingual, bilingual or multilingual lexical resources. The same specifications can be used for small and large lexicons, both simple and complex, as well as for both written and spoken lexical representations. The descriptions range from morphology, syntax and computational semantics to computer-assisted translation. The languages covered are not restricted to European languages, but apply to all natural languages. The LMF specification is now a success and numerous lexicon managers currently use LMF in different languages and contexts. This book starts with the historical context of LMF, before providing an overview of the LMF model and the Data Category Registry, which provides a flexible means for applying constants like /grammatical gender/ in a variety of different settings. It then presents concrete applications and experiments on real data, which are important for developers who want to learn about the use of LMF. Contents 1. LMF - Historical Context and Perspectives,
Nicoletta Calzolari, Monica Monachini and Claudia Soria. 2. Model Description, Gil Francopoulo and Monte George. 3. LMF and the Data Category Registry: Principles and Application, Menzo Windhouwer and Sue Ellen Wright. 4. Wordnet-LMF: A Standard Representation for Multilingual Wordnets, Piek Vossen, Claudia Soria and Monica Monachini. 5. Prolmf: A Multilingual Dictionary of Proper Names and their Relations, Denis Maurel, Béatrice Bouchou-Markhoff. 6. LMF for Arabic, Aida Khemakhem, Bilel Gargouri, Kais Haddar and Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou. 7. LMF for a Selection of African Languages, Chantal Enguehard and Mathieu Mangeot. 8. LMF and its Implementation in Some Asian Languages, Takenobu Tokunaga, Sophia Y.M. Lee, Virach Sornlertlamvanich, Kiyoaki Shirai, Shu-Kai Hsieh and Chu-Ren Huang. 9. DUELME: Dutch Electronic Lexicon of Multiword Expressions, Jan Odijk. 10. UBY-LMF - Exploring the Boundaries of Language-Independent Lexicon Models, Judith Eckle-Kohler, Iryna Gurevych, Silvana Hartmann, Michael Matuschek and Christian M. Meyer. 11. Conversion of Lexicon-Grammar Tables to LMF: Application to French, Éric Laporte, Elsa Tolone and Matthieu Constant. 12. Collaborative Tools: From Wiktionary to LMF, for Synchronic and Diachronic Language Data, Thierry Declerck, Pirsoka Lendvai and Karlheinz Mörth. 13. LMF Experiments on Format Conversions for Resource Merging: Converters and Problems, Marta Villegas, Muntsa Padró and Núria Bel. 14. LMF as a Foundation for Servicized Lexical Resources, Yoshihiko Hayashi, Monica Monachini, Bora Savas, Claudia Soria and Nicoletta Calzolari. 15. Creating a Serialization of LMF: The Experience of the RELISH Project, Menzo Windhouwer, Justin Petro, Irina Nevskaya, Sebastian Drude, Helen Aristar-Dry and Jost Gippert. 16. Global Atlas: Proper Nouns, From Wikipedia to LMF, Gil Francopoulo, Frédéric Marcoul, David Cau.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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