Glass-Ceramic Technology -- CONTENTS -- INTRODUCTION TO THE SECOND EDITION -- INTRODUCTION TO THE FIRST EDITION -- HISTORY -- CHAPTER 1: PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNING GLASS-CERAMIC FORMATION -- 1.1 ADVANTAGES OF GLASS-CERAMIC FORMATION -- 1.1.1 Processing Properties -- 1.1.2 Thermal Properties -- 1.1.3 Optical Properties -- 1.1.4 Chemical Properties -- 1.1.5 Biological Properties -- 1.1.6 Mechanical Properties -- 1.1.7 Electrical and Magnetic Properties -- 1.2 FACTORS OF DESIGN -- 1.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES AND MINERAL PROPERTIES -- 1.3.1 Crystalline Silicates -- 1.3.1.1 Nesosilicates -- 1.3.1.2 Sorosilicates -- 1.3.1.3 Cyclosilicates -- 1.3.1.4 Inosilicates -- 1.3.1.5 Phyllosilicates -- 1.3.1.6 Tectosilicates -- 1.3.2 Phosphates -- 1.3.2.1 Apatite -- 1.3.2.2 Orthophosphates and Diphosphates -- 1.3.2.3 Metaphosphates -- 1.3.3 Oxides -- 1.3.3.1 TiO2 -- 1.3.3.2 ZrO2 -- 1.3.3.3 MgAl2O4 (Spinel) -- 1.4 NUCLEATION -- 1.4.1 Homogeneous Nucleation -- 1.4.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 1.4.3 Kinetics of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation -- 1.4.4 Examples for Applying the Nucleation Theory in the Development of Glass-Ceramics -- 1.4.4.1 Volume Nucleation -- 1.4.4.2 Surface Nucleation -- 1.4.4.3 Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagrams -- 1.5 CRYSTAL GROWTH -- 1.5.1 Primary Growth -- 1.5.2 Anisotropic Growth -- 1.5.3 Surface Growth -- 1.5.4 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization -- 1.5.4.1 Phenomenology -- 1.5.4.2 Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization Applications -- 1.5.5 Secondary Grain Growth -- CHAPTER 2: COMPOSITION SYSTEMS FOR GLASS-CERAMICS -- 2.1 ALKALINE AND ALKALINE EARTH SILICATES -- 2.1.1 SiO2-Li2O (Lithium Disilicate) -- 2.1.1.1 Stoichiometric Composition -- 2.1.1.2 Nonstoichiometric Multicomponent Compositions -- 2.1.2 SiO2-BaO (Sanbornite) -- 2.1.2.1 Stoichiometric Barium-Disilicate -- 2.1.2.2 Multicomponent Glass-Ceramics.

2.2 ALUMINOSILICATES -- 2.2.1 SiO2-Al2O3 (Mullite) -- 2.2.2 SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O (β-Quartz Solid Solution, β-Spodumene Solid Solution) -- 2.2.2.1 β-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.2.2 β-Spodumene Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.3 SiO2-Al2O2-Na2O (Nepheline) -- 2.2.4 SiO2-Al2O3-Cs2O (Pollucite) -- 2.2.5 SiO2-Al2O3-MgO (Cordierite, Enstatite, Forsterite) -- 2.2.5.1 Cordierite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.5.2 Enstatite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.5.3 Forsterite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.6 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Wollastonite) -- 2.2.7 SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO (Zn-Stuffed β-Quartz, Willemite-Zincite) -- 2.2.7.1 Zinc-Stuffed β-Quartz Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.7.2 Willemite and Zincite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.8 SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO-MgO (Spinel, Gahnite) -- 2.2.8.1 Spinel Glass-Ceramic Without β-Quartz -- 2.2.8.2 β-Quartz-Spinel Glass-Ceramics -- 2.2.9 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Slag Sital) -- 2.2.10 SiO2-Al2O3-K2O (Leucite) -- 2.2.11 SiO2-Ga2O3-Al2O3-Li2O-Na2O-K2O (Li-Al-Gallate Spinel) -- 2.2.12 SiO2-Al2O3-SrO-BaO (Sr-Feldspar-Celsian) -- 2.3 FLUOROSILICATES -- 2.3.1 SiO2-(R3+)2O3-MgO-(R2+)O-(R+)2O-F (Mica) -- 2.3.1.1 Alkaline Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.3.1.2 Alkali-Free Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics -- 2.3.1.3 Tetrasilicic Mica Glass-Ceramic -- 2.3.2 SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO-ZrO2-F (Mica, Zirconia) -- 2.3.3 SiO2-CaO-R2O-F (Canasite) -- 2.3.4 SiO2-MgO-CaO-(R+)2O-F (Amphibole) -- 2.4 SILICOPHOSPHATES -- 2.4.1 SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 (Apatite) -- 2.4.2 SiO2-MgO-CaO-P2O5-F (Apatite, Wollastonite) -- 2.4.3 SiO2-MgO-Na2O-K2O-CaO-P2O5 (Apatite) -- 2.4.4 SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F (Mica, Apatite) -- 2.4.5 SiO2-MgO-CaO-TiO2-P2O5 (Apatite, Magnesium Titanate) -- 2.4.6 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F (Needlelike Apatite) -- 2.4.6.1 Formation of Needlelike Apatite as a Parallel Reaction to Rhenanite -- 2.4.6.2 Formation of Needlelike Apatite from Disordered Spherical Fluoroapatite.

2.4.7 SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F/Y2O3, B2O3 (Apatite and Leucite) -- 2.4.7.1 Fluoroapatite and Leucite -- 2.4.7.2 Oxyapatite and Leucite -- 2.4.8 SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-F (Rhenanite) -- 2.5 IRON SILICATES -- 2.5.1 SiO2-Fe2O3-CaO -- 2.5.2 SiO2-Al2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-K2O (Mica, Ferrite) -- 2.5.3 SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-(R+)2O-(R2+)O (Basalt) -- 2.6 PHOSPHATES -- 2.6.1 P2O5-CaO (Metaphosphates) -- 2.6.2 P2O5-CaO-TiO2 -- 2.6.3 P2O5-Na2O-BaO and P2O5-TiO2-WO3 -- 2.6.3.1 P2O5-Na2O-BaO System -- 2.6.3.2 P2O5-TiO2-WO3 System -- 2.6.4 P2O5-Al2O3-CaO (Apatite) -- 2.6.5 P2O5-B2O3-SiO2 -- 2.6.6 P2O5-SiO2-Li2O-ZrO2 -- 2.6.6.1 Glass-Ceramics Containing 16 wt% ZrO2 -- 2.6.6.2 Glass-Ceramics Containing 20 wt% ZrO2 -- 2.7 OTHER SYSTEMS -- 2.7.1 Perovskite-Type Glass-Ceramics -- 2.7.1.1 SiO2-Nb2O5-Na2O-(BaO) -- 2.7.1.2 SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-PbO -- 2.7.1.3 SiO2-Al2O3-K2O-Ta2O5-Nb2O5 -- 2.7.2 Ilmenite-Type (SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O-Ta2O5) Glass-Ceramics -- 2.7.3 B2O3-BaFe12O19 (Barium Hexaferrite) or (BaFe10O15) Barium Ferrite -- 2.7.4 SiO2-Al2O3-BaO-TiO2 (Barium Titanate) -- 2.7.5 Bi2O3-SrO-CaO-CuO -- CHAPTER 3: MICROSTRUCTURE CONTROL -- 3.1 SOLID-STATE REACTIONS -- 3.1.1 Isochemical Phase Transformation -- 3.1.2 Reactions between Phases -- 3.1.3 Exsolution -- 3.1.4 Use of Phase Diagrams to Predict Glass-Ceramic Assemblages -- 3.2 MICROSTRUCTURE DESIGN -- 3.2.1 Nanocrystalline Microstructures -- 3.2.2 Cellular Membrane Microstructures -- 3.2.3 Coast-and-Island Microstructure -- 3.2.4 Dendritic Microstructures -- 3.2.5 Relict Microstructures -- 3.2.6 House-of-Cards Microstructures -- 3.2.6.1 Nucleation Reactions -- 3.2.6.2 Primary Crystal Formation and Mica Precipitation -- 3.2.7 Cabbage-Head Microstructures -- 3.2.8 Acicular Interlocking Microstructures -- 3.2.9 Lamellar Twinned Microstructures -- 3.2.10 Preferred Crystal Orientation -- 3.2.11 Crystal Network Microstructures.

3.2.12 Nature as an Example -- 3.2.13 Nanocrystals -- 3.3 CONTROL OF KEY PROPERTIES -- 3.4 METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS -- 3.4.1 Chemical System and Crystalline Phases -- 3.4.2 Determination of Crystal Phases -- 3.4.3 Kinetic Process of Crystal Formation -- 3.4.4 Determination of Microstructure -- 3.4.5 Mechanical, Optical, Electrical, Chemical, and Biological Properties -- 3.4.5.1 Optical Properties and Chemical Composition of Glass-Ceramics -- 3.4.5.2 Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Glass-Ceramics -- 3.4.5.3 Electrical Properties -- 3.4.5.4 Chemical Properties -- 3.4.5.5 Biological Properties -- CHAPTER 4: APPLICATIONS OF GLASS-CERAMICS -- 4.1 TECHNICAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.1.1 Radomes -- 4.1.2 Photosensitive and Etched Patterned Materials -- 4.1.2.1 Fotoform® and Fotoceram® -- 4.1.2.2 Foturan® -- 4.1.2.3 Additional Products -- 4.1.3 Machinable Glass-Ceramics -- 4.1.3.1 MACOR® and DICOR® -- 4.1.3.2 Vitronit™ -- 4.1.3.3 Photoveel™ -- 4.1.4 Magnetic Memory Disk Substrates -- 4.1.5 Liquid Crystal Displays -- 4.2 CONSUMER APPLICATIONS -- 4.2.1 β-Spodumene Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramic -- 4.2.2 β-Quartz Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramic -- 4.3 OPTICAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.3.1 Telescope Mirrors -- 4.3.1.1 Requirements for Their Development -- 4.3.1.2 Zerodur® Glass-Ceramics -- 4.3.2 Integrated Lens Arrays -- 4.3.3 Applications for Luminescent Glass-Ceramics -- 4.3.3.1 Cr-Doped Mullite for Solar Concentrators -- 4.3.3.2 Cr-Doped Gahnite Spinel for Tunable Lasers and Optical Memory Media -- 4.3.3.3 Rare-Earth Doped Oxyfluorides for Amplification, Upconversion, and Quantum Cutting -- 4.3.3.4 Chromium (Cr4+)-Doped Forsterite, β-Willemite, and Other Orthosilicates for Broad Wavelength Amplification -- 4.3.3.5 Ni2+-Doped Gallate Spinel for Amplification and Broadband Infrared Sources -- 4.3.3.6 YAG Glass-Ceramic Phosphor for White LED -- 4.3.4 Optical Components.

4.3.4.1 Glass-Ceramics for Fiber Bragg Grating Athermalization -- 4.3.4.2 Laser-Induced Crystallization for Optical Gratings and Waveguides -- 4.3.4.3 Glass-Ceramic Ferrule for Optical Connectors -- 4.3.4.4 Applications for Transparent ZnO Glass-Ceramics with Controlled Infrared Absorbance and Microwave Susceptibility -- 4.4 MEDICAL AND DENTAL GLASS-CERAMICS -- 4.4.1 Glass-Ceramics for Medical Applications -- 4.4.1.1 CERABONE® -- 4.4.1.2 CERAVITAL® -- 4.4.1.3 BIOVERIT® -- 4.4.2 Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration -- 4.4.2.1 Moldable Glass-Ceramics for Metal-Free Restorations -- 4.4.2.2 Machinable Glass-Ceramics for Metal-Free Restorations -- 4.4.2.3 Glass-Ceramics on Metal Frameworks -- 4.4.2.4 Glass-Ceramic Veneering Materials on High Toughness Polycrystalline Ceramics -- 4.5 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS -- 4.5.1 Insulators -- 4.5.2 Electronic Packaging -- 4.5.2.1 Requirements for Their Development -- 4.5.2.2 Properties and Processing -- 4.5.2.3 Applications -- 4.6 ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS -- 4.7 COATINGS AND SOLDERS -- 4.8 GLASS-CERAMICS FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS -- 4.8.1 Components for Lithium Batteries -- 4.8.1.1 Cathodes -- 4.8.1.2 Electrolytes -- 4.8.2 Joining Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components -- EPILOGUE: FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- APPENDIX: TWENTY-ONE FIGURES OF 23 CRYSTAL STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.