Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Section I: Introduction -- 1 Overview -- 2 A Framework for Health Policy Research in South Asia -- Section II: Analysis of Inequality -- 3 The Distribution of Public Health Subsidies in India -- 4 Equity in Financing and Delivery of Health Services in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka -- 5 Geographic Resource Allocation in Bangladesh -- Section III: Expenditure Analysis -- 6 Public Expenditure Review of the Health and Population Sector Program in Bangladesh -- 7 Sri Lanka's National Health Accounts: National Health Expenditures 1990-1999 -- 8 The Bangladesh Health Facility Efficiency Survey -- Section IV: Private Sector Analysis -- 9 Private Health Care Sector in India-Policy Challenges and Options for Partnership -- 10 Private Health Provision in Uttar Pradesh, India -- 11 Private Primary Care Practitioners in Sri Lanka -- Section V: Consumer and Provider Perspectives -- 12 Consumer Redress in the Health Sector in India -- 13 Quality Health Care in Private and Public Health Care Institutions -- 14 Voices of Stakeholders in the Health Sector Reform in Bangladesh -- Index -- Tables -- 1.1 Selected Health Indicators in South Asian Countries -- 1.2 Inequality in Health Outcomes and Health Sector Outputs in South Asia -- 3.1 Unit Cost Estimates from Facility-Level Data in India -- 3.2 Distribution of Health Care Services in Public Health Facilities by Type of Service, State/Region, and Socioeconomic Stat -- 3.3 Distribution of Use of Services by Public and Private Facilities by Type of Service, State/Region, and Per Capita Expendi -- 3.4 Share of Richest 40 Percent of the Population in Total Hospital Charges Paid to Public Health Facilities by State and Region,1995/96 -- 3.5 Distribution of Public Subsidies by State/Region and Socioeconomic Status, 1995/96.

4.1 General Indicators for Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka, 1997 -- 4.2 Background Information on National Health Systems of Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka -- 4.3 Overview of Survey Data Used in the Study -- 4.4 Infant and Under-Five Mortality Rates by Income Quintile of Equivalent Consumption for Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka -- 4.5 Infant and Under-Five Mortality Rates by Education of Mother and Place of Residence for Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka -- 4.6 Distribution of the Benefits of Government Expenditures on Personal Medical Services in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka -- 4.7 Distribution of the Benefits of Government Expenditures on Collective Services and on All Services in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka -- 4.8 Variations in Government Expenditures on Health by Region -- 4.9 Distribution of Payments for Health Care for Each Source in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka by Income Decile -- 4.10 Kakwani and Suits Indexes for Different Payment Mechanisms for Health Care in Sri Lanka -- 4.11 Redistributive Impact of Government Taxation and Financing of Health Care Services in Sri Lanka, 1995/96 -- 4.12 Redistributive Impact of Government Taxation and Financing of Health Care Services in Bangladesh, 1996/97 -- 5.1 Allocation of Funding to Public Facilities -- 5.2 Typical Budgets for a District Hospital and an Upazila Health Complex -- 5.3 Distribution of Spending on Public Health in an Average District by Type of Facility -- 5.4 Range of Public Health Spending Per Capita across Districts by Division and Presence of a Medical College Hospital (MCH),Fiscal 2000 -- 5.5 Inpatient and Outpatient Use of District Hospital (DH) and Medical College Hospital (MCH) Facilities, by Selected Distric -- 6.1 Financial Indicators of the HPSP -- 6.2 Public Expenditure Allocation of Benefits by Gender and Type of Service.

6.3 Average Payments per User by Income Group and ESP Category -- 6.4 Revenue Projections under Different Assumptions -- 7.1 Total Expenditures on Health (TEH), 1990-99 -- 7.2 Per Capita Health Expenditures, 1990-99 -- 7.3 Total Expenditures on Health at Current Market Prices, 1990-99 -- 7.4 Total Expenditures by Function, 1990-99 -- 7.5 Relative Share of Funding by Public and Private Expenditures to Selected Functional Categories in 1997 -- 7.6 Relative Share of Funding by Central, Provincial, and Local Governments to Selected Functional Categories in 1997 -- 7.7 Total Government Expenditures by Function, 1990-99 -- 7.8 Total Nongovernment Expenditures by Function, 1990-99 -- 7.9 Total National Expenditures by Type of Provider, 1990-99 -- 7.10 Total Government Expenditures by Type of Provider, 1990-99 -- 7.11 Total Nongovernment Expenditures by Type of Provider, 1990-99 -- 7.12 Per Capita Expenditures by Source, 1997 -- 7.13 Per Capita Expenditures by Central Government, 1990-99 -- 7.14 Per Capita Expenditures by Provincial Council and Local Government, 1990-99 -- 7.15 Total Expenditure on Health Per Capita Not Directly Attributable to Any Province, 1990-99 -- 7.16 National Health Expenditures in Selected Asia-Pacific and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Countries and Economies -- 7.17 International Comparison of Expenditures by Source -- 8.1 Allocation of Recurrent Costs to Inpatient and Outpatient Services -- 8.2 Distribution of Sampled Facilities in Survey by Type and Division -- 8.3 Key Statistics by Category of Facility -- 8.4 Available Equipment at Facilities -- 8.5 Available Utilities at Facilities -- 8.6 Staffing Indicators and Ratios -- 8.7 Allocation of Staff Time to Inpatient Care -- 8.8 Average Annual Number of Outpatient Services and Tests by Category and Type of Facility -- 8.9 Inpatient Service Statistics.

8.10 Distribution of Recurrent Costs by Category of Cost -- 8.11 Share of Recurrent Costs Accounted for by Inpatient Use -- 8.12 Breakdown of Recurrent Costs in Providing Inpatient Services -- 8.13 Breakdown of Recurrent Costs in Providing Outpatient Services -- 8.14 Gross Unit Costs for Inpatient and Outpatient Services -- 8.15 Cost per Bed-Day Occupied by Type of Facility and Division -- 8.16 Cost per Admission by Type of Facility and Division -- 8.17 Cost per Outpatient Visit by Type of Facility -- 8.18 Indicators of Resource Availability at THCs by Division -- 8.19 Comparison of Hospital Services Statistics -- 8.20 Comparison of Hospital Unit Costs as a Percentage of Per Capita Gross National Product -- 8.21 Comparison of Hospital Staffing Indicators -- 10.1 Basic Demographic Indicators for Uttar Pradesh and India -- 10.2 The Burden of Disease in Uttar Pradesh, 1994 -- 10.3 Estimated Number of Inpatient Institutions and Beds in the Public and Private Sectors in Uttar Pradesh, 2000 -- 10.4 Brief Statistics of Chosen Districts -- 10.5 Number of Samples Taken in Each Study Location -- 10.6 Questionnaire Type, Respondents, and Information Sought -- 10.7 Diagnostic Services Offered by Health Care Institutions and Solo Practitioners -- 10.8 Nature of Concessions Offered to Poor Patients -- 10.9 Service Charges at Private Health Care Institutions -- 10.10 Opinions Expressed by Patients on Exit -- 11.1 Geographical Distribution of General Practitioners, 1984-2000 -- 11.2 Age and Sex Distribution of Private Practice Patients, 2000 -- 11.3 Most Frequently Prescribed Drugs in GP Practices in Sri Lanka, Australia, and the United States, 2000 -- 12.1 Distribution of Samples Covered in the Hospital Sector -- 12.2 Distribution of Samples Covered in the Consumer Sector -- 12.3 Distribution of Facilities Surveyed by Availability of Patient Redress System.

12.4 Distribution of Facilities with Some Consumer Redress Systems by Frequency of Review -- 12.5 Distribution of Complaint Boxes/Books: Claimed and Observed -- 12.6 Distribution of Types of Complaints Commonly Received According to Type of Facility -- 12.7 Time Taken to Respond to Complaints in Private and Public Hospitals -- 12.8 Distribution of Pending Cases by Reasons for Claims -- 12.9 Lawyers' Recommendations for Increasing the Efficiency of Consumer Forums -- 13.1 Health System Goals According to a WHO Framework, 2000 -- 13.2 Integrated Framework for Assessment of the Quality of Health Care -- 13.3 Quality of Care Received by Ever-Married Women during Their Most Recent Visit to a Private or Public Sector Health Facility in India,1998/99 -- 13.4 Premises Ownership and Scale of Accommodation of Private and Public HCIs -- 13.5 Practice Guidelines, Medical Audits, and Medical Records in HCIs -- 13.6 Patient Exit Interview-Place of Interview and Respondent Characteristics -- 13.7 Patient Satisfaction Levels in Private and Public Health Care Institutions -- 13.8 Frequency of "Excellent " or "Very Good" Rating by Patients for Each of the 11 Items in the Quality of Service Questionn -- 13.9 Frequency of "Excellent" Rating by Patients for Each of the 11 Items in the Quality of Service Questionnaire -- 13.10 Level of Patient Satisfaction with Respect to Specific Facilities -- 13.11 Patients Responding "Yes" to Questions about Quality of Services by Respective HCIs -- 13.12 Recommendations to Improve Quality of Services in Private HCIs -- Figures -- 4.1 Use of Public Outpatient Providers in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka -- 4.2 Use of Public Inpatient Providers in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka -- 4.3 Benefit Incidence of Government Health Expenditures-International Comparisons.

4.4 Sources of Funding in the National Health Systems of Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.